Kaituhi: Yamin Li rāua ko Houcheng Liu, me ētahi atu, nō te Kāreti o te Horticulture, Te Whare Wānanga o te Ahuwhenua o te Tonga o Haina

Pūtake o te tuhinga: Te whakatipu māra whare kati kōtuhi

Ko ngā momo whare māra o te whare ko ngā whare kati kōtuhi kirihou, ngā whare kati kōtuhi pūngao rā, ngā whare kati kōtuhi maha-whānui, me ngā wheketere tipu. Nā te mea ka āraia e ngā whare whare ngā pūtake mārama taiao ki tētahi taumata, kāore e ranea te mārama o roto, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā hua me te kounga o ngā hua. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama tāpiri ki ngā hua kounga teitei me ngā hua nui o te whare, engari kua waiho hoki hei take nui ki te pikinga o te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā utu whakahaere i roto i te whare.

Mō te wā roa, ko ngā pūtake mārama horihori e whakamahia ana i roto i te mara o te māra tipu ko te rama konutai pēhanga teitei, te rama hihiko, te rama halogen whakarewa, te rama incandescent, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga nui ko te whakaputa wera nui, te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao me te utu whakahaere nui. Nā te whanaketanga o te rama diode emitting light (LED) o te whakatupuranga hou ka taea te whakamahi i te pūtake mārama horihori iti te pūngao i roto i te mara o te māra tipu o te whare. He pai ngā painga o te LED, arā, he pai te hurihanga hiko whakaahua, he mana DC, he iti te rahinga, he roa te ora, he iti te whakapaunga pūngao, he roangaru pumau, he iti te irahiko wera me te tiaki taiao. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rama konutai pēhanga teitei me te rama hihiko e whakamahia ana i ēnei rā, kāore e taea e te LED te whakarite noa i te nui me te kounga o te mārama (te ōwehenga o ngā rama roopu rerekē) kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te tipu tipu, ā, ka taea hoki te whiti i ngā tipu i tawhiti tata nā tōna mārama makariri. Nō reira, ka taea te whakapai ake i te maha o ngā paparanga whakatipu me te tere whakamahinga wāhi, ā, ka taea hoki te whakatutuki i ngā mahi penapena pūngao, tiaki taiao me te whakamahinga whai hua o te wāhi kāore e taea te whakakapi e te pūtake mārama tuku iho.

I runga i ēnei painga, kua angitu te whakamahinga o te rama LED i roto i ngā whare māra, i ngā rangahau taketake mō te taiao whakahaere, i te whakatipu kiko tipu, i te whakatipu tipu i te wheketere me te pūnaha rauropi rererangi. I ngā tau tata nei, kei te pai haere te mahi a ngā rama whakatipu LED, kei te heke te utu, ā, kei te whanake haere ngā momo hua katoa me ngā roangaru motuhake, nō reira ka whānui ake tōna whakamahinga i roto i te mara o te ahuwhenua me te koiora.

E whakarāpopoto ana tēnei tuhinga i te tūnga rangahau o te rama LED i roto i te mara o te māra tipu, e arotahi ana ki te whakamahinga o te rama tāpiri LED i roto i te pūtake koiora rama, ngā rama whakatipu LED ki te hanganga rama tipu, te kounga kai me te pānga o te whakaroa i te koroheketanga, te hanganga me te whakamahinga o te tauira rama, me ngā tātari me ngā tirohanga mō ngā raruraru me ngā tirohanga o nāianei o te hangarau rama tāpiri LED.

Te pānga o te rama tāpiri LED ki te tipu o ngā hua māra

Ko ngā pānga whakahaere o te mārama ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu ko te whakatipu purapura, te roa o te kakau, te whanaketanga o te rau me te pakiaka, te whakaahua-ata, te hanga me te pirau o te chlorophyll, me te whakaputanga putiputi. Ko ngā āhuatanga taiao whakamārama i roto i te whare ko te kaha o te mārama, te huringa mārama me te tohatoha hihi. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga mā te tāpiringa mārama horihori me te kore e whakawhāitihia e ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.

I tēnei wā, e toru ngā momo kaiwhiwhi whakaahua i roto i ngā tipu: te phytochrome (te mimiti i te mārama whero me te mārama whero tawhiti), te cryptochrome (te mimiti i te mārama kikorangi me te mārama ultraviolet tata) me te UV-A me te UV-B. Mā te whakamahi i te pūtake mārama roangaru motuhake hei whakamārama i ngā hua ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaahua o ngā tipu, te whakateretere i te hanga mārama, me te whakatairanga i te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. I whakamahia te mārama karaka whero (610 ~ 720 nm) me te mārama papura kikorangi (400 ~ 510 nm) i roto i te whakaahua o ngā tipu. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau LED, ka taea te whakamārama i te mārama kotahi-tae (pēnei i te mārama whero me te tihi 660nm, te mārama kikorangi me te tihi 450nm, me ētahi atu) i runga i te rārangi o te awhi mimiti kaha rawa atu o te chlorophyll, ā, ko te whānui o te rohe hihi he ± 20 nm noa iho.

E whakaponohia ana i tēnei wā ka tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā tipu e te mārama whero-karaka, ka whakatairanga i te kohikohinga o ngā mea maroke, te hanganga o ngā pūangi, ngā kūmara, ngā pūangi rau me ētahi atu okana tipu, ka meinga ngā tipu kia puāwai me te hua wawe, ā, ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakarei ake i te tae o ngā tipu; Ka taea e te mārama kikorangi me te papura te whakahaere i te phototropism o ngā rau tipu, te whakatairanga i te whakatuwheratanga o ngā stomata me te nekehanga o te chloroplast, te aukati i te roa o te kakau, te aukati i te roa o te tipu, te whakaroa i te puāwaitanga o ngā tipu, me te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā okana tipu; mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā LED whero me te kikorangi ka taea te whakakapi i te korenga o te mārama o te tae kotahi o ngā mea e rua, ka hanga he tihi mimiti hihi e rite ana ki te photosynthesis me te āhua o te hua. Ka taea e te tere whakamahinga pūngao mārama te eke ki te 80% ki te 90%, ā, he nui te pānga penapena pūngao.

Mā te whakamahi i ngā rama tāpiri LED i roto i te whare māra ka taea te whakapiki i te hua. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau kua tino piki ake te maha o ngā hua, te putanga katoa me te taumaha o ia tōmato cherry i raro i te rama tāpiri o te 300 μmol/(m²·s) rīpene LED me ngā ngongo LED mō te 12 hāora (8:00-20:00). Kua piki ake te rama tāpiri o te rīpene LED mā te 42.67%, 66.89% me te 16.97% ia, ā, kua piki ake te rama tāpiri o te ngongo LED mā te 48.91%, 94.86% me te 30.86%. Mā te rama tāpiri LED o te rama whakatipu LED i te wā tipu katoa [ko te ōwehenga o te rama whero me te kikorangi he 3:2, ā, ko te kaha o te rama he 300 μmol/(m²·s)] ka taea te whakanui ake i te kounga hua kotahi me te hua mō ia wāhanga horahanga o te chiehwa me te aubergine. I piki ake te tipu Chikuquan mā te 5.3% me te 15.6%, ā, i piki ake te aubergine mā te 7.6% me te 7.8%. Mā te kounga o te rama LED me tōna kaha me te roa o te wā tipu katoa, ka taea te whakapoto i te huringa tipu o te tipu, ka taea te whakapai ake i te hua arumoni, te kounga kai me te uara āhua o ngā hua ahuwhenua, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakaputa hua māra whai hua, penapena pūngao me te mohio o te whare.

Te whakamahinga o te rama tāpiri LED i roto i te whakatipu tipu huawhenua

He hangarau nui te whakahaere i te āhua o te tipu me te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu mā te whakamahi i te pūtake rama LED i roto i te mara o te whakatipu kāpeti. Ka taea e ngā tipu teitei ake te rongo me te whiwhi i ngā tohu mārama mā roto i ngā pūnaha photoreceptor pēnei i te phytochrome, te cryptochrome, me te photoreceptor, ā, ka whakahaerehia ngā huringa āhua mā roto i ngā karere ā-roto hei whakahaere i ngā kiko me ngā okana o te tipu. Ko te tikanga o te photomorphogenesis ko te whakawhirinaki o ngā tipu ki te mārama hei whakahaere i te rerekētanga o ngā pūtau, ngā huringa hanganga me ngā mahi, tae atu ki te hanganga o ngā kiko me ngā okana, tae atu ki te awe ki te whakatipuranga o ētahi purapura, te whakatairanga i te mana o te pito, te aukati i te tipu o te puku taha, te roa o te kakau, me te tropism.

He wāhanga nui o te ahuwhenua o te whare tipu te whakatipu tipu huawhenua. Mēnā ka ua tonu, ka kore e ranea te māramatanga o te whare tipu, ā, ka roa ake ngā tipu, ka pā ki te tipu o ngā huawhenua, te whakaputa pua me te whanaketanga o ngā hua, ā, i te mutunga ka pā ki te hua me te kounga. I roto i te mahi whakaputa, ka whakamahia ētahi o ngā mea whakatikatika tipu, pērā i te gibberellin, te auxin, te paclobutrazol me te chlormequat, hei whakahaere i te tipu o ngā tipu. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga koretake o ngā mea whakatikatika tipu ka taea te whakapoke i te taiao o ngā huawhenua me ngā whare tipu, ā, ka kino ki te hauora o te tangata.

He maha ngā painga ahurei o te rama tāpiri LED o te rama tāpiri, ā, he huarahi whai hua tēnei ki te whakamahi i te rama tāpiri LED hei whakatipu tipu. I roto i te whakamātautau rama tāpiri LED [25±5 μmol/(m²·s)] i mahia i raro i te āhua o te mārama iti [0~35 μmol/(m²·s)], i kitea ko te rama matomato ka whakatairanga i te roa me te tipu o ngā tipu kūkamo. Ka ārai te rama whero me te rama kikorangi i te tipu o ngā tipu. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mārama ngoikore taiao, ko te taupū tipu kaha o ngā tipu i tāpirihia ki te mārama whero me te kikorangi i piki ake mā te 151.26% me te 237.98%, ia. Ki te whakatauritea ki te kounga o te mārama kotahi-tae, ko te taupū o ngā tipu kaha kei roto ngā wāhanga whero me te kikorangi i raro i te maimoatanga o te rama tāpiri rama matū i piki ake mā te 304.46%.

Mā te tāpiri i te rama whero ki ngā tipu kūkamo ka taea te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā rau tūturu, te horahanga rau, te teitei o te tipu, te whānui o te kakau, te kounga maroke me te hou, te taupū tipu kaha, te ora o te pakiaka, te mahi SOD me te ihirangi pūmua wairewa o ngā tipu kūkamo. Mā te tāpiri UV-B ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o te chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b me ngā carotenoids i roto i ngā rau tipu kūkamo. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rama taiao, mā te tāpiri i te rama LED whero me te kikorangi ka taea te whakanui ake i te horahanga rau, te kounga o te mea maroke me te taupū tipu kaha o ngā tipu tōmato. Mā te tāpiri i te rama whero me te rama kakariki LED ka whakanui ake i te teitei me te matotoru o te kakau o ngā tipu tōmato. Mā te maimoatanga rama tāpiri rama kakariki LED ka taea te whakanui ake i te koiora o ngā tipu kūkamo me te tōmato, ā, ka piki ake te taumaha hou me te taumaha maroke o ngā tipu me te piki ake o te kaha o te rama tāpiri rama kakariki, ko te kakau matotoru me te taupū tipu kaha o ngā tipu tōmato katoa e whai ana i te rama tāpiri rama kakariki. Ka piki ake te kaha. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te rama whero me te kikorangi LED ka taea te whakanui ake i te matotoru o te kakau, te horahanga rau, te taumaha maroke o te tipu katoa, te ōwehenga pakiaka ki te wana, me te taupū tipu kaha o te aubergine. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mārama mā, ka taea e te mārama whero LED te whakanui ake i te koiora o ngā tipu kāpeti me te whakatairanga i te tipu roa me te horapa rau o ngā tipu kāpeti. Ka whakatairangahia e te mārama kikorangi LED te tipu matotoru, te kohikohinga o ngā mea maroke me te kaha o te taupū tipu o ngā tipu kāpeti, ā, ka whakaitihia te tipu o ngā tipu kāpeti. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o runga ake nei he tino mārama ngā painga o ngā tipu huawhenua e whakatipuria ana me te hangarau whakahaere mārama.

Te pānga o te rama tāpiri LED ki te kounga kai o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua

Ko te pūmua, te huka, te waikawa waro me te huaora kei roto i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua ngā matūkai e whai hua ana ki te hauora o te tangata. Ka pā te kounga o te mārama ki te nui o te VC i roto i ngā tipu mā te whakahaere i te mahi a te hanga VC me te whākōkī pirau, ā, ka taea hoki te whakahaere i te pākia o te pūmua me te kohikohi warowaihā i roto i ngā tipu māra. Ka whakatairanga te mārama whero i te kohikohi warowaihā, he pai te maimoatanga mārama kikorangi ki te hanganga pūmua, ko te whakakotahitanga o te mārama whero me te mārama kikorangi ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga kai o ngā tipu he nui ake i te mārama kotahi-tae.

Mā te tāpiri i te rama LED whero, kikorangi rānei ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te nitrate i roto i te rētihi, mā te tāpiri i te rama LED kikorangi, kakariki rānei ka taea te whakanui i te kohi o te huka wairewa i roto i te rētihi, ā, mā te tāpiri i te rama LED infrared ka pai ake te kohi o te VC i roto i te rētihi. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka taea e te tāpiritanga o te rama kikorangi te whakapai ake i te nui o te VC me te nui o te pūmua wairewa o te tōmato; mā te rama whero me te rama whero kikorangi ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te huka me te waikawa o te hua tōmato, ā, ko te ōwehenga o te huka ki te waikawa te mea teitei rawa atu i raro i te rama whero kikorangi; mā te rama whero kikorangi ka taea te whakapai ake i te nui o te VC o te hua kūkamo.

Ko ngā phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins me ētahi atu matū i roto i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua, ehara i te mea he pānga nui ki te tae, te reka me te uara o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua anake, engari he mahi antioxidant tūturu anō hoki, ā, ka taea te aukati, te tango rānei i ngā rauropi kore utu i roto i te tinana o te tangata.

Mā te whakamahi i te rama kikorangi LED hei tāpiri i te rama ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi anthocyanin o te kiri aubergine mā te 73.6%, mā te whakamahi i te rama whero LED me te huinga o te rama whero me te rama kikorangi ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā flavonoids me te tapeke phenols. Ka taea e te rama kikorangi te whakatairanga i te kohikohinga o te lycopene, flavonoids me ngā anthocyanins i roto i ngā hua tōmato. Mā te huinga o te rama whero me te rama kikorangi ka whakatairanga i te hanga o ngā anthocyanins ki tētahi taumata, engari ka aukati i te hanganga o ngā flavonoids. Ki te whakatauritea ki te maimoatanga rama mā, ka taea e te maimoatanga rama whero te whakanui ake i te ihirangi anthocyanin o ngā wana rētihi, engari ko te maimoatanga rama kikorangi te iti rawa o te ihirangi anthocyanin. Ko te tapeke o te ihirangi phenol o te rau matomato, te rau papura me te rētihi rau whero he teitei ake i raro i te maimoatanga rama mā, te whakakotahitanga rama whero-kikorangi me te rama kikorangi, engari ko te iti rawa i raro i te maimoatanga rama whero. Mā te tāpiri i te rama ultraviolet LED, i te rama karaka rānei ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā matū phenolic i roto i ngā rau rētihi, mā te tāpiri i te rama matomato ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā anthocyanins. Nō reira, he huarahi whai hua te whakamahi i te rama whakatipu LED hei whakahaere i te kounga kai o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua i roto i te māra ahuwhenua.

Te pānga o te rama tāpiri LED ki te ārai i te koroheketanga o ngā tipu

Ko te whakahekenga o te chlorophyll, te tere o te ngaronga o te pūmua me te waikura o te RNA i te wā e koroheke ana ngā tipu, ka kitea nuitia i te koroheketanga o ngā rau. He tino tairongo ngā chloroplast ki ngā huringa o te taiao mārama o waho, inā koa ka pāngia e te kounga o te mārama. Ko te mārama whero, te mārama kikorangi me te mārama whero-kikorangi e whai hua ana ki te hanga chloroplast, he pai te mārama kikorangi ki te kohikohi i ngā pata māngaro i roto i ngā chloroplast, ā, he pānga kino te mārama whero me te mārama whero-matara ki te whanaketanga o ngā chloroplast. Ka taea e te whakakotahitanga o te mārama kikorangi me te mārama whero me te kikorangi te whakatairanga i te hanganga chlorophyll i roto i ngā rau tipu kūkamo, ā, ka taea hoki e te whakakotahitanga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi te whakaroa i te whakaiti i te ihirangi chlorophyll rau i te wāhanga o muri mai. Ka kitea ake tēnei pānga me te hekenga o te ōwehenga mārama whero me te pikinga o te ōwehenga mārama kikorangi. Ko te ihirangi chlorophyll o ngā rau tipu kūkamo i raro i te maimoatanga mārama whero me te kikorangi LED he nui ake i tērā i raro i te whakahaere mārama fluorescent me ngā maimoatanga mārama whero me te kikorangi kotahi-tae. Ka taea e te mārama kikorangi LED te whakanui ake i te uara chlorophyll a/b o ngā tipu Wutacai me te kāriki matomato.

I te wā e koroheke ana, ka puta ngā cytokinin (CTK), te auxin (IAA), ngā panonitanga o te ihirangi waikawa abscisic (ABA) me ngā panonitanga maha o te mahi whākōkī. Ka pāngia ngāwaritia te ihirangi o ngā homoni tipu e te taiao mārama. He rerekē ngā pānga whakahaere o ngā āhuatanga mārama ki ngā homoni tipu, ā, ko ngā taahiraa tuatahi o te ara tuku tohu mārama ko ngā cytokinin.

Ka whakatairanga te CTK i te whānui o ngā pūtau rau, ka whakarei ake i te photosynthesis rau, me te aukati i ngā mahi a te ribonuclease, te deoxyribonuclease me te protease, ā, ka whakaroa i te pakaru o ngā waikawa nucleic, ngā pūmua me te chlorophyll, nō reira ka taea e ia te whakaroa i te koroheketanga o ngā rau. He taunekeneke kei waenganui i te mārama me te whakahaere whanaketanga e whakahaerehia ana e te CTK, ā, ka taea e te mārama te whakaoho i te pikinga o ngā taumata cytokinin taketake. Ina koroheke ngā kiko tipu, ka heke te nui o te cytokinin taketake.

Ko te nuinga o te IAA e kukū ana ki ngā wāhanga e tupu kaha ana, ā, he iti noa iho te ihirangi i roto i ngā kiko me ngā whekau kua koroheke. Ka taea e te mārama papura te whakanui ake i te mahi a te indole acetic acid oxidase, ā, ka taea e ngā taumata IAA iti te aukati i te roa me te tipu o ngā tipu.

Ko te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia te ABA i roto i ngā kiko rau kua koroheke, i ngā hua kua pakari, i ngā purapura, i ngā kakau, i ngā pakiaka me ētahi atu wāhanga. Ko te nui o te ABA i roto i te kūkamo me te kāpeti i raro i te whakakotahitanga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi he iti iho i te mārama mā me te mārama kikorangi.

Ko te Peroxidase (POD), te superoxide dismutase (SOD), te ascorbate peroxidase (APX), me te catalase (CAT) he mea nui ake, ā, he mea tiaki hoki e pā ana ki te mārama i roto i ngā tipu. Mēnā ka pakeke haere ngā tipu, ka tere te heke o ngā mahi a ēnei whākōkī.

He pānga nui ngā āhuatanga mārama rerekē ki ngā mahi whākōkī ārai-mate tipu. I muri i ngā rā e 9 o te maimoatanga rama whero, ka nui ake te mahi APX o ngā tipu rēpī, ā, ka heke te mahi POD. Ko te mahi POD o te tōmato i muri i ngā rā e 15 o te rama whero me te rama kikorangi he teitei ake i te rama mā mā te 20.9% me te 11.7%, ia. I muri i ngā rā e 20 o te maimoatanga rama kākāriki, ko te mahi POD o te tōmato te mea iti rawa, 55.4% noa iho o te rama mā. Mā te tāpiri i te rama kikorangi 4h ka taea te whakanui ake i te ihirangi pūmua wairewa, te POD, te SOD, te APX, me ngā mahi whākōkī CAT i roto i ngā rau kūkamo i te wāhanga tipu. Hei tāpiri, ka heke haere ngā mahi a te SOD me te APX me te roa o te mārama. Ka heke haere te mahi a te SOD me te APX i raro i te rama kikorangi me te rama whero engari he teitei ake i te rama mā. Nā te whitinga rama whero i tino whakaiti i ngā mahi peroxidase me te IAA peroxidase o ngā rau tōmato me te IAA peroxidase o ngā rau aubergine, engari i tino piki ake te mahi peroxidase o ngā rau aubergine. Nō reira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi rautaki rama tāpiri LED e tika ana ka taea te whakaroa i te koroheketanga o ngā hua māra o te whare, me te whakapai ake i te hua me te kounga.

Te hanganga me te whakamahinga o te tauira rama LED

He nui te pānga o te kounga o te mārama me ōna ōwehenga rerekē ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. Ko te tikanga o te whakamārama he maha ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te ōwehenga kounga o te mārama, te kaha o te mārama, me te roa o te mārama. Nā te mea he rerekē ngā hiahia o ngā tipu rerekē mō te mārama me ngā wāhanga tipu me te whanaketanga, ko te huinga pai rawa atu o te kounga o te mārama, te kaha o te mārama me te roa o te tāpiri mārama e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hua e whakatōkia ana.

 ◆Te ōwehenga o te whānuitanga mārama

Ki te whakatauritea ki te mārama mā me te mārama whero-kikorangi kotahi, he pai ake te whakakotahitanga o te mārama whero-kikorangi LED ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu kūkamo me te kāpeti.

Ina 8:2 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi, ka tino piki ake te matotoru o te kakau o te tipu, te teitei o te tipu, te taumaha maroke o te tipu, te taumaha hou, te taupū kaha o te tipu, me ētahi atu, ā, he pai hoki mō te hanganga o te matrix chloroplast me te basal lamella me te putanga o ngā mea whakauru.

He pai te whakamahi i te ranunga o te whero, te kakariki, me te kikorangi mō ngā pihi pīni whero ki te kohikohi i ngā mea maroke, ā, ka taea e te mārama kakariki te whakatairanga i te kohikohinga o ngā mea maroke o ngā pihi pīni whero. Ka tino kitea te tipu ina 6:2:1 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero, kakariki, me te kikorangi. Ko te pānga roa o te tipu pīni whero i raro i te ōwehenga mārama whero me te kikorangi o te 8:1 te mea pai rawa atu, ā, i āraihia te roa o te tipu pīni whero i raro i te ōwehenga mārama whero me te kikorangi o te 6:3, engari ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa te mea teitei rawa atu.

Ina 8:1 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi mō ngā tipu loofah, ko te taupū tipu kaha me te nui o te huka wairewa o ngā tipu loofah te mea teitei rawa. Ina whakamahia he kounga mārama me te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi o te 6:3, ko te nui o te chlorophyll a, te ōwehenga chlorophyll a/b, me te nui o te pūmua wairewa o ngā tipu loofah te mea teitei rawa.

Mā te whakamahi i te ōwehenga 3:1 o te mārama whero me te kikorangi ki te tōreri, ka taea te whakatairanga i te teitei o te tipu tōreri, te roa o te kakau, te maha o ngā rau, te kounga o te mea maroke, te nui o te VC, te nui o te pūmua wairewa me te nui o te huka wairewa. I roto i te whakatipu tōmato, mā te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga o te mārama kikorangi LED ka whakatairanga i te hanganga o te lycopene, ngā waikawa amino kore utu me ngā flavonoids, ā, mā te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga o te mārama whero ka whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā waikawa titratable. Ina 8:1 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi ki ngā rau rētihi, he pai ki te kohikohi i ngā carotenoids, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o te nitrate me te whakanui ake i te nui o te VC.

 ◆Te kaha o te mārama

Ko ngā tipu e tipu ana i raro i te mārama ngoikore he ngawari ake ki te aukati i te whakaahua i raro i te mārama kaha. Ka piki ake te tere whakaahua kupenga o ngā tipu tōmato me te pikinga o te kaha o te mārama [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550μmol/(m²·s)], e whakaatu ana i te ia o te pikinga tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho, ā, i te 300μmol/(m²·s) ka eke ki te taumata teitei. I tino piki ake te teitei o te tipu, te horahanga rau, te nui o te wai me te nui o te VC o te rētihi i raro i te maimoatanga kaha mārama 150μmol/(m²·s). I raro i te maimoatanga kaha mārama 200μmol/(m²·s), i tino piki ake te taumaha hou, te taumaha katoa me te nui o te waikawa amino kore utu, ā, i raro i te maimoatanga kaha mārama 300μmol/(m²·s), i heke katoa te horahanga rau, te nui o te wai, te chlorophyll a, te chlorophyll a+b me ngā carotenoid o te rētihi. Ki te whakatauritea ki te pōuri, me te pikinga ake o te kaha o te rama LED [3, 9, 15 μmol/(m²·s)], ka tino piki ake te nui o te chlorophyll a, te chlorophyll b, me te chlorophyll a+b o ngā pihi pīni pango. Ko te nui o te VC te mea teitei rawa atu i te 3μmol/(m²·s), ā, ko te nui o te pūmua wairewa, te huka wairewa me te sucrose te mea teitei rawa atu i te 9μmol/(m²·s). I raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana ōrite, me te pikinga ake o te kaha o te rama [(2~2.5)lx×103 lx, (4~4.5)lx×103 lx, (6~6.5)lx×103 lx], ka poto te wā whakatipu o ngā tipu pepa, ka piki ake te nui o te huka wairewa, engari ka heke haere te nui o te chlorophyll a me ngā carotenoids.

 ◆Wā mārama

Mā te whakaroa tika i te wā mārama ka taea te whakaiti i te ahotea mārama iti i puta mai i te korenga o te kaha o te mārama ki tētahi taumata, ka āwhina i te kohikohinga o ngā hua whakaahua o ngā hua māra, ā, ka tutuki te pānga o te whakanui ake i te hua me te whakapai ake i te kounga. I whakaatuhia e te ihirangi VC o ngā pihi he ia piki haere mārire me te whakaroa o te wā mārama (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20h/rā), ko te ihirangi waikawa amino kore utu, te SOD me ngā mahi CAT katoa i whakaatuhia he ia heke. I te whakaroa o te wā mārama (12, 15, 18h), ka tino piki ake te taumaha hou o ngā tipu kāpeti Haina. Ko te ihirangi VC i roto i ngā rau me ngā kakau o te kāpeti Haina te mea teitei rawa i te 15 me te 12h. I heke haere te ihirangi pūmua wairewa o ngā rau o te kāpeti Haina, engari ko ngā kakau te mea teitei rawa i muri i te 15h. I piki haere te ihirangi huka wairewa o ngā rau kāpeti Haina, ko ngā kakau te mea teitei rawa i te 12h. Ina 1:2 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi, ki te whakaritea ki te wā mārama 12 hāora, ka whakaitihia e te maimoatanga mārama 20 hāora te nui o ngā phenols me ngā flavonoids katoa i roto i te rētihi rau matomato, engari ina 2:1 te ōwehenga o te mārama whero me te kikorangi, ka nui ake te nui o ngā phenols me ngā flavonoids katoa i roto i te rētihi rau matomato i te maimoatanga mārama 20 hāora.

Mai i ngā kōrero o runga ake nei, ka kitea he rerekē ngā pānga o ngā tātai mārama ki te whakaahua-whakaahua, te whakaahua-whakaahua me te pākia o te waro me te hauota o ngā momo hua rerekē. Me pēhea te whiwhi i te tātai mārama pai rawa atu, te whirihoranga pūtake mārama me te whakatakotoranga o ngā rautaki whakahaere atamai me whakamahi i ngā momo tipu hei tīmatanga, ā, me whakatikatika tika kia rite ki ngā hiahia o ngā hua māra, ngā whāinga whakaputa, ngā āhuatanga whakaputa, me ētahi atu, kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te whakahaere atamai i te taiao mārama me ngā hua māra kounga teitei me te hua nui i raro i ngā tikanga penapena pūngao.

Ngā raruraru me ngā tūmanakohanga o nāianei

Ko te painga nui o te rama whakatipu LED ko tana āheinga ki te whakarerekē i ngā huinga mohio kia rite ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga whakaahua, te āhua, te kounga me te hua o ngā tipu rerekē. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō te kounga o te mārama, te kaha o te mārama me te wā whakaahua o ngā momo hua me ngā wā tipu rerekē o te hua kotahi. Me whakawhanake tonu, me whakapai ake hoki te rangahau tauira rama hei hanga i tētahi pātengi raraunga tauira rama nui. I te taha o te rangahau me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rama ngaio, ka taea te whakatutuki i te uara mōrahi o ngā rama tāpiri LED i roto i ngā tono ahuwhenua, kia pai ake ai te penapena pūngao, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me ngā painga ōhanga. Kua whakaatuhia te kaha o te whakamahinga o ngā rama whakatipu LED i roto i ngā whare māra, engari he tino teitei te utu o ngā taputapu rama LED, ā, he nui te haumi kotahi. Kāore i te mārama ngā whakaritenga rama tāpiri o ngā hua rerekē i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē, ko te whānuitanga rama tāpiri, ko te kaha me te wā koretake o te rama whakatipu ka puta he maha ngā raruraru i roto i te whakamahinga o te umanga rama whakatipu.

Heoi, nā te whanaketanga me te whakapainga o te hangarau me te whakaiti i te utu whakaputa o ngā rama whakatipu LED, ka whānui ake te whakamahinga o ngā rama tāpiri LED i roto i ngā mahi māra o ngā whare. I taua wā anō, mā te whanaketanga me te ahunga whakamua o te pūnaha hangarau rama tāpiri LED me te whakakotahitanga o te pūngao hou ka taea te tere o te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua whare, te ahuwhenua whānau, te ahuwhenua tāone me te ahuwhenua ātea kia tutuki ai te hiahia o te tangata mō ngā hua māra i roto i ngā taiao motuhake.