Kaituhi: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, me ētahi atu. Pūtake Pāpāho: Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua (māra whare kati kōtuhi)

Ka whakakotahi te wheketere tipu i ngā ahumahi hou, te hangarau koiora, te hydroponics matūkai me te hangarau mōhiohio hei whakatinana i te whakahaere tino tika o ngā āhuatanga taiao i roto i te whare. He mea kati katoa, he iti ngā whakaritenga mō te taiao e karapoti ana, he whakapoto i te wā kotinga tipu, he penapena wai me te tongi, ā, nā ngā painga o te whakaputa kore-pesticides me te kore tuku para, ko te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga whenua o te waeine he 40 ki te 108 ngā wā i tērā o te whakaputa whenua tuwhera. I roto i ēnei, ko te pūtake mārama horihori atamai me tana whakahaere taiao mārama he mea nui ki tana whai huatanga whakaputa.

He mea nui te mārama ki te whakahaere i te tipu o ngā tipu me te pākia o ngā rauemi, ā, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakahaere i te whanaketanga o ngā tipu me te pākia o ngā rauemi. "Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te wheketere ko te pūtake mārama horihori katoa, ā, ko te whakatinanatanga o te whakahaere atamai o te taiao mārama" kua noho hei whakaaro whānui i roto i te umanga.

Te hiahia o ngā tipu ki te māramatanga

Ko te mārama anake te pūtake pūngao o te whakaahua-ā-ira o ngā tipu. He pānga nui tō te kaha o te mārama, te kounga o te mārama (āwhiowhio) me ngā panonitanga o te mārama i ia wā, ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā hua, ā, ko te kaha o te mārama te mea nui rawa atu ki te whakaahua-ā-ira o ngā tipu.

■ Te kaha o te mārama

Ka taea e te kaha o te mārama te whakarerekē i te āhua o ngā hua, pērā i te pua, te roa o te ira, te matotoru o te kakau, me te rahi me te matotoru o te rau. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā whakaritenga mō te kaha o te mārama o ngā tipu ki ngā tipu e aroha ana ki te mārama, ngā tipu e aroha ana ki te mārama waenga, me ngā tipu e manawanui ana ki te mārama iti. Ko ngā huawhenua he tipu e aroha ana ki te mārama te nuinga, ā, he teitei ake ō rātou pūwāhi whakawātea mārama me ngā pūwāhi mātotoru mārama. I roto i ngā wheketere rama horihori, ko ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ngā hua mō te kaha o te mārama he pūtake nui mō te whiriwhiri i ngā pūtake mārama horihori. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā whakaritenga mārama o ngā tipu rerekē mō te hoahoa i ngā pūtake mārama horihori, he mea tino tika kia whakapai ake i te mahi whakaputa o te pūnaha.

■ Kounga mārama

He pānga nui anō hoki te tohatoha o te kounga mārama (āputa) ki te whakaahua me te morphogenesis o ngā tipu (Pikitia 1). He wāhanga te mārama o te irahiko, ā, he ngaru hikohiko te irahiko. He āhuatanga ngaru me ngā āhuatanga matūriki (kuantum). Ka kiia te kuantum o te mārama he photon i roto i te mara māra. Ka kiia te irahiko me te whānuitanga roangaru o te 300~800nm ​​he irahiko kaha ā-tinana o ngā tipu; ā, ka kiia te irahiko me te whānuitanga roangaru o te 400~700nm he irahiko kaha whakaahua (PAR) o ngā tipu.

Ko te koroira me te karotene ngā tae e rua tino nui i roto i te whakaahua-ā-ira o ngā tipu. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i te whānuitanga mimiti hihi o ia tae whakaahua-ā-ira, kei roto i ngā whitiki whero me te kikorangi te whānuitanga mimiti hihi o te koroira. Ko te pūnaha rama e hangai ana ki ngā hiahia hihi o ngā hua hei tāpiri hanga i te mārama, kia pai ai te whakaahua-ā-ira o ngā tipu.

■ wā whakaahua
Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakaahua-ā-ira me te whakaahua-whakaahua o ngā tipu me te roa o te rā (te wā whakaahua-wā rānei) e kiia ana ko te whakaahua-wā o ngā tipu. He hononga tata te whakaahua-wā ki ngā hāora mārama, e pā ana ki te wā e whiti ana te hua ki te mārama. Me whai hāora mārama ngā hua rerekē kia oti ai te whakaahua-wā kia puāwai ai, kia hua ai. E ai ki ngā whakaahua-wā rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā hua rā-roa, pērā i te kāpeti, me ētahi atu, e hiahia ana kia neke atu i te 12-14 hāora mārama i tētahi wāhanga o tōna tipu; ko ngā hua rā-poto, pērā i te riki, te pīni soya, me ētahi atu, e hiahia ana kia iti iho i te 12-14 hāora mārama; ko ngā hua rā-waenga, pērā i te kūkama, te tōmato, te pepa, me ētahi atu, ka taea te puāwai me te hua i raro i te rā roa, poto rānei.
I roto i ngā āhuatanga e toru o te taiao, ko te kaha o te mārama te pūtake nui mō te whiriwhiri i ngā pūtake mārama horihori. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā huarahi hei whakaatu i te kaha o te mārama, tae atu ki ēnei e toru.
（1）Ko te whakamārama e pā ana ki te mātotoru o te mata o te rerenga mārama (te rerenga mārama mō ia wāhanga horahanga) e whiwhihia ana i runga i te papa e whakamāramahia ana, i roto i te lux (lx).

（2）Te irahiko kaha whakaahua, PAR，Wāhanga：W/m²。

（3）Ko te kiato rerenga photon whai hua whakaahua PPFD, PPF rānei, ko te maha o ngā hihi whai hua whakaahua e tae atu ana, e whiti ana rānei i roto i te wā kotahi me te horahanga kotahi, waeine：μmol/(m²·s)。Ko te tikanga e pā ana ki te kaha mārama o te 400~700nm e pā tika ana ki te whakaahua. Koinei hoki te tohu kaha mārama e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mara o te whakaputa tipu.

Te tātaritanga pūtake mārama o te pūnaha mārama tāpiri noa
Ko te tāpiri rama horihori he whakanui ake i te kaha o te mārama i te wāhi e whaia ana, he whakaroa rānei i te wā mārama mā te tāuta i tētahi pūnaha rama tāpiri hei whakatutuki i te hiahia mārama o ngā tipu. I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i te pūnaha rama tāpiri ngā taputapu rama tāpiri, ngā ara iahiko me tōna pūnaha whakahaere. Ko ngā pūtake rama tāpiri he maha ngā momo noa pēnei i ngā rama mura, ngā rama hihiko, ngā rama halide whakarewa, ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei me ngā rama LED. Nā te iti o te whai huatanga hiko me te whatu o ngā rama mura, te iti o te whai huatanga pūngao photosynthesis me ētahi atu ngoikoretanga, kua whakakorea e te mākete, nō reira kāore tēnei tuhinga e hanga i tētahi tātaritanga taipitopito.

■ Rama hihiko
Ko ngā rama hihiko kei roto i te momo rama tuku hau iti-pēhanga. Kua whakakīia te ngongo karāhe ki te kohu mercury, ki te hau kore mahi rānei, ā, kua pania te pakitara o roto o te ngongo ki te paura hihiko. Ka rerekē te tae o te mārama i runga i te rauemi hihiko kua pania ki roto i te ngongo. He pai te mahi hihi o ngā rama hihiko, he nui te pai o te kanapa, he iti te mana, he roa ake te ora (12000h) ki te whakataurite ki ngā rama mura, ā, he iti te utu. Nā te mea he iti ake te wera e tukuna ana e te rama hihiko, ka taea te tata ki ngā tipu hei whakamārama, ā, he pai mō te whakatipu toru-ahu. Heoi, kāore i te tika te whakatakotoranga hihi o te rama hihiko. Ko te tikanga tino noa o te ao ko te tāpiri i ngā whakaata hei whakanui ake i ngā wāhanga pūtake mārama whai hua o ngā hua i roto i te rohe whakatipu. Kua whakawhanakehia hoki e te kamupene ahuwhenua Hapanihi tētahi momo hou o te pūtake mārama tāpiri HEFL. Ko te HEFL kei roto i te kāwai o ngā rama hihiko. Koinei te kupu whānui mō ngā rama hihiko katote makariri (CCFL) me ngā rama hihiko hiko o waho (EEFL), ā, he rama hihiko hiko whakauru. He tino angiangi te ngongo HEFL, ko te whānui he 4mm noa iho, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te roa mai i te 450mm ki te 1200mm kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te whakatipu. He putanga whakapai ake tēnei o te rama hihiko tuku iho.

■ Rama halide whakarewa
He rama tukunga kaha-teitei te rama halide whakarewa e taea ai te whakaoho i ngā huānga rerekē hei whakaputa i ngā roangaru rerekē mā te tāpiri i ngā halide whakarewa rerekē (tine bromide, konutai iodide, me ētahi atu) ki roto i te ngongo tukunga i runga i te turanga o te rama mercury pēhanga-teitei. He nui te pai o te kanapa o ngā rama halogen, he kaha teitei, he pai te tae o te kanapa, he roa te ora, ā, he whānui te whānuitanga. Heoi, nā te mea he iti ake te pai o te kanapa i ngā rama konutai pēhanga-teitei, ā, he poto ake te ora o ngā rama konutai pēhanga-teitei, he torutoru noa iho ngā wheketere e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā.

■ Rama konutai pēhanga teitei
Ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei kei roto i te momo rama tuku hau pēhanga teitei. Ko te rama konutai pēhanga teitei he rama whai hua teitei e whakakīia ana te kohu konutai pēhanga teitei ki roto i te ngongo tuku, ā, ka tāpirihia he iti noa te xenon (Xe) me te mercury metal halide. Nā te mea he nui te whai huatanga o te hurihanga hiko-whatu o ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei me te iti o ngā utu hanga, ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā i roto i te tono rama tāpiri i roto i ngā whare ahuwhenua. Heoi, nā te iti o te whai huatanga whakaahua i roto i ō rātou whānuitanga, he iti ō rātou whai huatanga o te whai huatanga pūngao. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā wāhanga whānuitanga e tukuna ana e ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei kei te nuinga o te wā e kukū ana ki te roopu rama kōwhai-karaka, kāore i te whero me te kikorangi ngā whānuitanga e tika ana mō te tipu o ngā tipu.

■ Te pūoro whakaputa mārama
Hei whakatipuranga hou o ngā pūtake mārama, he maha ngā painga o ngā rama LED (ngā rama hiko-whatu) pērā i te pai o te hurihanga hiko-whatu, te āheinga whakarerekē i te whānuitanga, me te pai o te whakaahua. Ka taea e te rama LED te tuku i te mārama kotahi-tae e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu o ngā tipu. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rama hiko-ā-rangi noa me ētahi atu pūtake mārama tāpiri, he pai ngā painga o te rama LED mō te penapena pūngao, te tiaki taiao, te roa o te ora, te mārama kotahi-tae, te pūtake mārama makariri me ētahi atu. Mā te whakapai ake i te pai o te hiko-whatu o ngā rama LED me te whakaiti i ngā utu i puta mai i te pānga tauine, ka noho ko ngā pūnaha rama whakatipu rama LED te taputapu matua mō te tāpiri i te mārama ki ngā whare ahuwhenua. Nō reira, kua whakamahia ngā rama whakatipu rama LED neke atu i te 99.9% o ngā wheketere tipu.

Mā te whakatairite, ka taea te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūtake mārama tāpiri rerekē, e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 1.

Pūrere rama pūkoro
He hononga tata te kaha o te mārama ki te tipu o ngā hua. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakatipu toru-ahu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu. Heoi, nā te iti o te hanganga o ngā whata whakatipu, ka pā te koretake o te tohatoha o te mārama me te pāmahana i waenga i ngā whata ki te hua o ngā hua, ā, kāore e taurite te wā hauhake. I te tau 2010, kua angitu te whakawhanake a tētahi kamupene i Beijing i tētahi taputapu tāpiri rama hiki ā-ringa (rama HPS me te rama whakatipu LED). Ko te kaupapa matua ko te huri i te pou taraiwa me te mīhini huri i runga mā te rūrū i te kakau hei huri i te rīra kiriata iti kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakahoki me te wetewete i te taura waea. Ka honoa te taura waea o te rama whakatipu ki te wira hurihuri o te ararewa mā roto i ngā huinga wira hurihuri maha, kia tutuki ai te pānga o te whakatikatika i te teitei o te rama whakatipu. I te tau 2017, i hoahoa, i whakawhanake hoki te kamupene kua whakahuatia ake nei i tētahi taputapu tāpiri rama pūkoro hou, ka taea te whakatikatika aunoa i te teitei tāpiri rama i te wā tūturu kia rite ki ngā hiahia tipu hua. Kua tāutahia te taputapu whakatikatika ki runga i te whata whakatipu toru-ahu momo hiki puna mārama 3-paparanga. Ko te paparanga o runga o te taputapu kei te taumata me te āhua mārama pai rawa atu, nō reira he rama konutai pēhanga teitei kei roto; ko te paparanga o waenganui me te paparanga o raro kei roto he rama whakatipu LED me te pūnaha whakatikatika hiki. Ka taea e ia te whakarite aunoa i te teitei o te rama whakatipu kia pai ai te taiao whakamārama mō ngā hua.

Ki te whakataurite ki te taputapu tāpiri rama pūkoro i hangaia mō te whakatipu toru-ahu, kua whakawhanakehia e Netherlands tētahi taputapu tāpiri rama whakatipu LED ka taea te neke whakapae. Hei karo i te pānga o te atarangi o te rama whakatipu ki te tipu o ngā tipu i te rā, ka taea te pana i te pūnaha rama whakatipu ki ngā taha e rua o te whāriki mā te kiriata karu i te taha whakapae, kia whiti katoa te rā ki ngā tipu; i ngā rā kapua me te ua kāore he rā, panaia te pūnaha rama whakatipu ki waenganui o te whāriki kia kī katoa ngā tipu i te rama o te pūnaha rama whakatipu; nekehia te pūnaha rama whakatipu whakapae mā te kiriata i runga i te whāriki, karohia te wetewete me te tango pinepine i te pūnaha rama whakatipu, me te whakaiti i te kaha o te mahi a ngā kaimahi, kia pai ake ai te whai hua o te mahi.

Ngā whakaaro hoahoa o te pūnaha rama whakatipu noa
Ehara i te mea uaua ki te kite mai i te hoahoa o te taputapu tāpiri rama pūkoro ko te hoahoa o te pūnaha rama tāpiri o te wheketere tipu e tango ana i te kaha o te mārama, te kounga o te mārama me ngā tawhā o te wā whakaahua o ngā wā tipu rerekē hei kaupapa matua o te hoahoa, me te whakawhirinaki ki te pūnaha whakahaere atamai hei whakatinana, kia tutuki ai te whāinga matua o te penapena pūngao me te hua nui.

I tēnei wā, kua āta whanake haere te hoahoa me te hanganga o te mārama tāpiri mō ngā huawhenua rau. Hei tauira, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā huawhenua rau ki ngā wāhanga e whā: te wāhanga tipu, te waenganui-tupu, te mutunga-tupu, me te wāhanga mutunga; ka taea te wehewehe i ngā huawhenua hua ki te wāhanga tipu, te wāhanga tipu tipu, te wāhanga pua, me te wāhanga hauhake. Mai i ngā āhuatanga o te kaha o te mārama tāpiri, me iti ake te kaha o te mārama i te wāhanga tipu, i te 60~200 μmol/(m²·s), kātahi ka piki haere. Ka taea e ngā huawhenua rau te eke ki te 100~200 μmol/(m²·s), ā, ka taea e ngā huawhenua hua te eke ki te 300~500 μmol/(m²·s) hei whakarite i ngā whakaritenga kaha o te mārama mō te whakaahua tipu i ia wā tipu me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hua nui; Mō te kounga o te mārama, he mea tino nui te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi. Hei whakanui ake i te kounga o ngā tipu me te ārai i te tipu nui i te wāhanga tipu, ka whakatakotoria te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi ki te taumata iti [(1~2):1], kātahi ka whakaiti haere kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te āhua o te mārama tipu. Ka taea te whakatakoto i te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi ki ngā huawhenua rau ki (3~6):1. Mō te wā whakaahua, he rite ki te kaha o te mārama, me whakaatu he ia o te pikinga ake i te roanga o te wā tipu, kia nui ake ai te wā whakaahua o ngā huawhenua rau mō te whakaahua. Ka uaua ake te hoahoa tāpiringa mārama o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua. Haunga ngā ture taketake kua whakahuatia ake nei, me arotahi tātou ki te whakatakotoranga o te wā whakaahua i te wā pua, me te whakatairanga i te pua me te hua o ngā huawhenua, kia kore ai e hoki whakamuri.

He mea tika kia whakahuatia ko te tikanga o te whakamahana rama me whakauru te maimoatanga whakamutunga mō ngā taiao mārama. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri tonu i te rama ka nui ake te hua me te kounga o ngā tipu huawhenua rau hydroponic, mā te whakamahi rānei i te whakamahana UV hei whakapai ake i te kounga kai o ngā pihi me ngā huawhenua rau (ina koa ko ngā rau papura me te rētihi rau whero).

Haunga te arotau i te tāpiritanga mārama mō ngā hua kua tohua, kua tere te whanaketanga o te pūnaha whakahaere pūtake mārama o ētahi wheketere rama horihori i ngā tau tata nei. Ko tēnei pūnaha whakahaere e hangai ana ki te hanganga B/S. Ko te mana mamao me te whakahaere aunoa i ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te pāmahana, te haumākū, te mārama, me te kukū CO2 i te wā e tipu ana ngā hua ka whakatutukihia mā te WIFI, ā, i te wa ano, ka tutukihia he tikanga whakaputa kāore e herea e ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ka whakamahia e tēnei momo pūnaha rama tāpiri atamai te rama whakatipu LED hei pūtake mārama tāpiri, me te pūnaha whakahaere atamai mamao, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whakamārama roangaru tipu, he tino pai mō te taiao whakatipu tipu e whakahaerehia ana e te mārama, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete.

Ngā kōrero whakamutunga
E kiia ana ngā wheketere tipu he huarahi nui ki te whakaoti rapanga rauemi o te ao, te taupori me te taiao i te rautau 21, ā, he huarahi nui hoki ki te whakatutuki i te oranga kai i roto i ngā kaupapa hangarau teitei o te heke mai. Hei momo tikanga whakaputa ahuwhenua hou, kei te wā ako me te tipu tonu ngā wheketere tipu, ā, me nui ake te aro me te rangahau. E whakaahua ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā āhuatanga me ngā painga o ngā tikanga rama tāpiri noa i roto i ngā wheketere tipu, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaro hoahoa o ngā pūnaha rama tāpiri hua noa. Ehara i te mea uaua ki te kimi mā te whakataurite, kia taea ai te aro atu ki te iti o te mārama i puta mai i te huarere kino pēnei i te kapua me te kohu tonu, me te whakarite kia nui, kia pumau hoki te whakaputanga o ngā hua o te whare, ko ngā taputapu rama LED Grow e tino rite ana ki ngā au whanaketanga o nāianei.

Ko te ahunga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o ngā wheketere tipu me arotahi ki ngā pūoko hou tino tika, iti te utu, ngā pūnaha taputapu rama whānuitanga ka taea te whakahaere mamao, ka taea te whakarite, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tohunga. I taua wā anō, ka haere tonu ngā wheketere tipu ā muri ake nei ki te whanaketanga ki te iti te utu, te atamai, me te urutau ki a ia anō. Mā te whakamahinga me te rongonui o ngā puna rama whakatipu LED ka whakaratohia he taurangi mō te whakahaere taiao tino tika o ngā wheketere tipu. He tukanga uaua te whakahaere taiao rama LED e uru ana ki te whakahaere whānui o te kounga o te rama, te kaha o te rama, me te wā whakaahua. Me whakahaere e ngā tohunga me ngā mātauranga e tika ana he rangahau hohonu, hei whakatairanga i te rama tāpiri LED i roto i ngā wheketere tipu rama horihori.