Li Jianming, Sun Guotao, etc.Te hangarau hangarau ahuwhenua māra whare kati kōtuhi2022-11-21 17:42 I whakaputaina ki Beijing
I ngā tau tata nei, kua tino whanake te umanga kati kōtuhi. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake te whanaketanga o ngā kati kōtuhi i te tere whakamahinga whenua me te tere whakaputa o ngā hua ahuwhenua anake, engari ka whakatau hoki i te raruraru tuku hua me ngā huawhenua i te wā kore-wā. Heoi anō, kua tūtaki anō hoki te kati kōtuhi ki ngā wero kāore i kitea i mua. Nā ngā whakaurunga taketake, ngā tikanga whakamahana me ngā āhua hanganga kua puta he ātete ki te taiao me te whanaketanga. E hiahiatia ana ngā rauemi hou me ngā hoahoa hou hei whakarerekē i te hanganga o te kati kōtuhi, ā, e hiahiatia ana ngā puna pūngao hou hei whakatutuki i ngā kaupapa o te tiaki pūngao me te tiaki taiao, me te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me te moni whiwhi.
E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te kaupapa o "te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou, te hoahoa hou hei āwhina i te hurihanga hou o te whare kati kōtuhi", tae atu ki te rangahau me te auahatanga o te pūngao rā, te pūngao koiora, te pūngao waiariki me ētahi atu puna pūngao hou i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, te rangahau me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hou mō te uhi, te whakamahana, ngā pakitara me ētahi atu taputapu, me te tirohanga me te whakaaro ā muri ake nei mō te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me te hoahoa hou hei āwhina i te whakahoutanga o te whare kati kōtuhi, kia pai ai te whakarato tohutoro mō te umanga.
Ko te whakawhanake i te ahuwhenua whare he whakaritenga tōrangapū, he kōwhiringa kore e taea te karo hei whakatinana i te wairua o ngā tohutohu nui me te whakatau a te kāwanatanga matua. I te tau 2020, ko te katoa o te rohe ahuwhenua tiakina i Haina ka eke ki te 2.8 miriona hm2, ā, ko te uara putanga ka neke atu i te 1 trillion yuan. He huarahi nui tēnei hei whakapai ake i te kaha whakaputa whare kati kōtuhi hei whakapai ake i te rama whare kati kōtuhi me te mahi whakamahana wera mā te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me te hoahoa whare kati kōtuhi hou. He maha ngā ngoikoretanga i roto i te whakaputa whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho, pērā i te waro, te hinu wahie me ētahi atu puna pūngao e whakamahia ana mō te whakamahana me te whakamahana i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho, ka hua ake he nui te hau hauhā, e tino whakapoke ana i te taiao, i te mea ka piki ake te utu whakahaere o ngā whare kati kōtuhi e te hau maori, te pūngao hiko me ētahi atu puna pūngao. Ko ngā rauemi rokiroki wera tuku iho mō ngā pakitara whare kati kōtuhi ko te nuinga o te uku me te pereki, e pau ana te nui me te kino nui ki ngā rauemi whenua. Ko te whai huatanga whakamahi whenua o te whare kati kōtuhi rā tuku iho me te pakitara whenua he 40% ~ 50% noa iho, ā, he ngoikore te kaha rokiroki wera o te whare kati kōtuhi noa, nō reira kāore e taea e ia te ora i te takurua ki te whakaputa huawhenua mahana i te raki o Haina. Nō reira, ko te kaupapa matua o te whakatairanga i te huringa o te whare kati kōtuhi, arā, ko te rangahau taketake, kei roto i te hoahoa, te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou me te pūngao hou o te whare kati kōtuhi. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki te rangahau me te auahatanga o ngā pūtake pūngao hou i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka whakarāpopoto i te āhua rangahau o ngā pūtake pūngao hou pērā i te pūngao o te rā, te pūngao koiora, te pūngao waiariki, te pūngao hau me ngā rauemi hipoki mārama hou, ngā rauemi whakamahana me ngā rauemi pakitara i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka tātari i te whakamahinga o te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou i roto i te hanganga o te whare kati kōtuhi hou, ā, ka titiro whakamua ki tā rātou tūranga i roto i te whanaketanga me te whakarerekētanga o te whare kati kōtuhi ā muri ake nei.
Rangahau me te Auahatanga o te Whare Katiariki Pūngao Hou
Ko te pūngao matomato hou me te pūmanawa whakamahinga ahuwhenua nui rawa atu ko te pūngao rā, te pūngao waiariki me te pūngao koiora, te whakamahinga whānui rānei o ngā momo puna pūngao hou, kia tutuki ai te whakamahinga whai hua o te pūngao mā te ako mai i ngā kaha o tētahi ki tētahi.
pūngao/mana o te rā
He momo tuku pūngao iti-waro, whai hua, ā, pumau hoki te hangarau pūngao rā, ā, he wāhanga nui o ngā ahumahi rautaki hou o Haina. Ka waiho hei whiringa kore e taea te karo mō te whakarerekētanga me te whakapai ake i te hanganga pūngao o Haina ā muri ake nei. Mai i te tirohanga o te whakamahinga pūngao, ko te whare kati kōtuhi tonu he hanganga whare mō te whakamahinga pūngao rā. Mā te pānga whare kati kōtuhi, ka kohia te pūngao rā ki roto, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka whakaratohia te wera e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu o ngā hua. Ko te pūtake pūngao matua o te whakaahua o ngā tipu whare kati kōtuhi ko te hihi tika o te rā, arā, ko te whakamahinga tika o te pūngao rā.
01 Te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic hei whakaputa wera
Ko te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic he hangarau e huri tika ana i te pūngao mārama ki te pūngao hiko i runga i te pānga photovoltaic. Ko te huānga matua o tēnei hangarau ko te pūtau rā. Ina whiti te pūngao rā ki runga i te rarangi o ngā panera rā i roto i te raupapa, i te whakarara rānei, ka huri tika ngā wāhanga haurua-ira i te pūngao hihi o te rā ki te pūngao hiko. Ka taea e te hangarau photovoltaic te huri tika i te pūngao mārama ki te pūngao hiko, te penapena hiko mā roto i ngā pākahiko, me te whakamahana i te whare kati kōtuhi i te pō, engari ko te utu nui ka aukati i tōna whanaketanga atu. I whakawhanakehia e te rōpū rangahau he taputapu whakamahana graphene photovoltaic, kei roto ko ngā panera photovoltaic ngāwari, he mīhini whakahaere whakamuri katoa-i-te-kotahi, he pākahiko rokiroki me te tokotoko whakamahana graphene. E ai ki te roa o te rārangi whakato, ka tanumia te tokotoko whakamahana graphene ki raro i te putea papa. I te awatea, ka mimitihia e ngā panera photovoltaic te hihi o te rā hei whakaputa hiko me te penapena i roto i te pākahiko rokiroki, kātahi ka tukuna te hiko i te pō mō te tokotoko whakamahana graphene. I roto i te ine tuturu, ka whakamahia te aratau whakahaere pāmahana o te tīmata i te 17℃ me te kati i te 19℃. E 8 hāora te roa o te whakamahinga o te pūngao i te pō (20:00-08:00 i te rā tuarua), ā, ko te pāmahana toharite o te pēke papa i te pō he 19.2℃, he 3.5 ~ 5.3℃ teitei ake i te pāmahana o te mana whakahaere. Mā tēnei tikanga whakamahana me te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic ka whakatauhia ngā raruraru o te nui o te whakamahinga pūngao me te nui o te parahanga i roto i te whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi i te takurua.
02 te tahuritanga me te whakamahinga o te phototheramic
Ko te hurihanga werawera o te rā e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o tētahi mata kohikohi hihi o te rā motuhake i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi hurihanga werawera hei kohikohi me te mimiti i te nui o te kaha o te rā e tukuna ana ki runga, hei huri hei kaha wera. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tono hiko werawera o te rā, ka whakanui ake ngā tono hiko werawera o te rā i te mimiti o te roopu tata-whero, nō reira he nui ake te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga kaha o te rā, he iti ake te utu me te hangarau kua pakari, ā, koinei te huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakamahi i te kaha o te rā.
Ko te hangarau tino pakari mō te hurihanga me te whakamahinga o te werawera i Haina ko te kaikohi rā, ko te wāhanga matua ko te pereti mimiti wera me te paninga mimiti whiriwhiri, ka taea te huri i te kaha o te hihi o te rā e haere ana i roto i te pereti taupoki hei kaha wera ka tukuna ki te reo mahi mimiti wera. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kaikohi rā ki ngā wāhanga e rua i runga i te mea he wāhi korehau kei roto i te kaikohi: ko ngā kaikohi rā papatahi me ngā kaikohi rā ngongo korehau; ko ngā kaikohi rā kukū me ngā kaikohi rā kore-kukū i runga i te mea kei te huri te ahunga o te hihi o te rā i te awa mārama; me ngā kaikohi rā wai me ngā kaikohi rā hau i runga i te momo reo mahi whakawhiti wera.
Ko te whakamahinga o te pūngao rā i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi ka mahia mā roto i ngā momo kaikohi rā. Kua whakawhanakehia e te Whare Wānanga o Ibn Zor i Morocco tētahi pūnaha whakamahana pūngao rā hohe (ASHS) hei whakamahana i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka taea te whakanui ake i te katoa o te whakaputanga tōmato mā te 55% i te takurua. Kua hoahoa, kua whakawhanakehia hoki e te Whare Wānanga Ahuwhenua o Haina tētahi huinga pūnaha kohikohi me te tukunga hau whakamatao mata, me te kaha kohikohi wera o te 390.6～693.0 MJ, ā, kua whakatakotohia te whakaaro ki te wehewehe i te tukanga kohikohi wera mai i te tukanga rokiroki wera mā te papu wera. Kua whakawhanakehia e te Whare Wānanga o Bari i Itari tētahi pūnaha whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi maha-whakaputa, kei roto ko tētahi pūnaha pūngao rā me tētahi papu wera hau-wai, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te pāmahana hau mā te 3.6% me te pāmahana oneone mā te 92%. Kua whakawhanakehia e te rōpū rangahau tētahi momo taputapu kohikohi wera rā hohe me te koki piko rerekē mō te whare kati kōtuhi rā, me tētahi taputapu rokiroki wera tautoko mō te tinana wai whare kati kōtuhi puta noa i te rangi. Ko te hangarau kohikohi wera rā hohe me te piko rerekē ka pakaru i ngā herenga o ngā taputapu kohikohi wera whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho, pērā i te kaha kohikohi wera iti, te atarangi me te noho o te whenua kua whakatōkia. Mā te whakamahi i te hanganga motuhake o te whare kati kōtuhi rā, ka tino whakamahia te wāhi kāore e whakatōkia o te whare kati kōtuhi, ka tino whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o te wāhi whare kati kōtuhi. I raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi paki noa, ka eke te pūnaha kohikohi wera rā kaha me te pikinga rerekē ki te 1.9 MJ/(m2h), ka eke te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga pūngao ki te 85.1%, ā, ko te tere penapena pūngao he 77%. I roto i te hangarau rokiroki wera whare kati kōtuhi, ka whakatakotoria te hanganga rokiroki wera huringa-maha-wāhanga, ka whakanuia te kaha rokiroki wera o te taputapu rokiroki wera, ā, ka tutuki te tukunga puhoi o te wera mai i te taputapu, kia tutuki ai te whakamahinga whai hua o te wera e kohia ana e te taputapu kohikohi wera rā whare kati kōtuhi.
pūngao koiora
Ka hangaia he hanganga whare hou mā te whakakotahi i te taputapu whakaputa wera koiora me te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka whakakōhuatia ngā rauemi mata koiora pēnei i te paru poaka, te toenga harore me te kakau witi hei hanga wera, ā, ka tukuna tika te kaha wera e puta ana ki te whare kati kōtuhi [5]. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whare kati kōtuhi kāore he tāke whakamahana whakapūkara koiora, ka taea e te whare kati kōtuhi whakamahana te whakanui ake i te pāmahana whenua i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi me te pupuri i te pāmahana tika o ngā pakiaka o ngā hua e whakatōkia ana i roto i te oneone i te āhuarangi noa i te takurua. Mā te tango i tētahi whare kati kōtuhi whakamahana kore-taurite kotahi te paparanga me te whānuitanga o te 17m me te roa o te 30m hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i te 8m o ngā para ahuwhenua (he kakau witi tōmato me te paru poaka kua konatunatua) ki roto i te tāke whakapūkara o roto mō te whakapūkara taiao me te kore e hurihia te puranga ka taea te whakanui ake i te pāmahana toharite o ia rā o te whare kati kōtuhi mā te 4.2℃ i te takurua, ā, ka taea e te pāmahana iti toharite o ia rā te eke ki te 4.6℃.
Ko te whakamahinga pūngao o te whakapūngao koiora e whakahaeretia ana he tikanga whakapūngao e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu hei whakahaere i te tukanga whakapūngao kia tere ai te whiwhi me te whakamahi pai i te pūngao wera koiora me te tongi hau CO2, ko te hauhautanga me te makuku ngā mea matua hei whakahaere i te wera whakapūngao me te whakaputanga hau o te koiora. I raro i ngā āhuatanga hauhautanga, ka whakamahia e ngā moroiti hau i roto i te puranga whakapūngao te hāora mō ngā mahi ora, ā, ko tētahi wāhanga o te pūngao i hangaia ka whakamahia mō ā rātou ake mahi ora, ā, ko tētahi wāhanga o te pūngao ka tukuna ki te taiao hei pūngao wera, he mea pai ki te pikinga o te pāmahana o te taiao. Ka whai wāhi te wai ki te tukanga whakapūngao katoa, ka whakarato i ngā matūkai wairewa e tika ana mō ngā mahi moroiti, ā, i te wā kotahi ka tukuna te wera o te puranga i roto i te ahua o te mamaoa mā te wai, kia whakaitihia ai te pāmahana o te puranga, kia roa ake ai te ora o ngā moroiti me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana papatipu o te puranga. Mā te tāuta i te taputapu horoi kakau witi ki roto i te tāke whakapūngao ka taea te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o roto mā te 3 ~ 5℃ i te takurua, te whakapakari i te photosynthesis tipu me te whakanui ake i te hua tōmato mā te 29.6%.
Pūngao waiariki
He nui ngā rauemi waiariki o Haina. I tēnei wā, ko te huarahi tino noa mō ngā whare ahuwhenua ki te whakamahi i te pūngao waiariki ko te whakamahi i te papu wera pūtake whenua, ka taea te whakawhiti mai i te pūngao wera iti ki te pūngao wera teitei mā te whakauru i te iti o te pūngao teitei (pērā i te pūngao hiko). He rerekē i ngā tikanga whakamahana kati kōtuhi tuku iho, ka taea e te whakamahana papu wera pūtake whenua te whakatutuki i te pānga whakamahana nui, engari ka taea hoki te whakamatao i te kati kōtuhi me te whakaiti i te haumākū i roto i te kati kōtuhi. Kua pakari te rangahau tono o te papu wera pūtake whenua i roto i te mara o te hanga whare. Ko te wāhanga matua e pā ana ki te kaha whakamahana me te whakamatao o te papu wera pūtake whenua ko te waeine whakawhiti wera o raro whenua, e uru ana ki ngā paipa tanumia, ngā puna o raro whenua, me ētahi atu. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei wāhanga ko te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha whakawhiti wera o raro whenua me te utu taurite me te pānga. I taua wā anō, ko te huringa o te pāmahana o te paparanga oneone o raro whenua i roto i te tono o te papu wera pūtake whenua ka pā hoki ki te pānga whakamahi o te pūnaha papu wera. Mā te whakamahi i te papu wera pūtake whenua hei whakamatao i te whare kati kōtuhi i te raumati, hei penapena hoki i te kaha wera ki te paparanga oneone hohonu, ka taea te whakaiti i te hekenga o te pāmahana o te paparanga oneone i raro i te whenua, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa wera o te papu wera pūtake whenua i te hotoke.
I tēnei wā, i roto i te rangahau mō te mahi me te whai huatanga o te papu wera pūtake whenua, mā roto i ngā raraunga whakamātautau tuturu, ka whakatūria he tauira tau me ngā pūmanawa pēnei i a TOUGH2 me TRNSYS, ā, ko te whakatau ko te mahi whakamahana me te tauwehenga mahi (COP) o te papu wera pūtake whenua ka eke ki te 3.0 ~ 4.5, he pai te pānga whakamatao me te whakamahana. I roto i te rangahau mō te rautaki whakahaere o te pūnaha papu wera, i kitea e Fu Yunzhun me ētahi atu, ki te whakatauritea ki te rere taha kawenga, he nui ake te pānga o te rere taha pūtake whenua ki te mahi o te waeine me te mahi whakawhiti wera o te paipa tanumia. I raro i te āhuatanga o te tautuhinga rere, ka taea e te uara COP mōrahi o te waeine te eke ki te 4.17 mā te tango i te kaupapa whakahaere o te whakahaere mō te 2 hāora me te whakamutu mō te 2 hāora; i tangohia e Shi Huixian me ētahi atu he aratau whakahaere wā poto o te pūnaha whakamatao rokiroki wai. I te raumati, ina teitei te pāmahana, ka taea e te COP o te pūnaha tuku hiko katoa te eke ki te 3.80.
Te hangarau rokiroki wera oneone hohonu i roto i te kati kōtuhi
Ko te rokiroki wera oneone hohonu i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi e kiia ana hoki ko te "pēke rokiroki wera" i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi. Ko te kino o te makariri i te takurua me te pāmahana teitei i te raumati ngā arai matua ki te whakaputa whare kati kōtuhi. I runga i te kaha rokiroki wera o te oneone hohonu, i hangaia e te rōpū rangahau he taputapu rokiroki wera hohonu o raro whenua. Ko te taputapu he paipa whakawhiti wera paparua-rua e tanumia ana ki te hohonutanga o te 1.5～2.5m i raro whenua i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, me te putanga hau i runga i te whenua. Ina teitei te pāmahana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka pupuhihia te hau o roto ki roto i te whenua e te hauhautanga hei whakatutuki i te rokiroki wera me te whakaiti i te pāmahana. Ina iti te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi, ka tangohia te wera mai i te oneone hei whakamahana i te whare kati kōtuhi. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakaputa me te tono ka taea e te taputapu te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi mā te 2.3℃ i te pō hotoke, te whakaiti i te pāmahana o roto mā te 2.6℃ i te awatea raumati, me te whakanui ake i te hua tōmato mā te 1500kg i roto i te 667 m.2Ka whakamahia katoatia e te taputapu ngā āhuatanga o te "mahana i te takurua, matao i te raumati" me te "pāmahana pumau" o te oneone hohonu i raro i te whenua, ka whakarato i te "pēke urunga pūngao" mō te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka whakaoti tonu i ngā mahi āwhina o te whakamatao me te whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi.
Te rurukutanga maha-pūngao
Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo pūngao e rua, neke atu rānei, hei whakamahana i te whare kati kōtuhi ka taea te whakakī i ngā ngoikoretanga o te momo pūngao kotahi, ā, ka whakamahia te pānga taupatupatu o te "kotahi tāpiri kotahi he nui ake i te rua". Ko te mahi tahi a te pūngao waiariki me te pūngao rā he wāhi rangahau mō te whakamahinga pūngao hou i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua i ngā tau tata nei. I ako a Emmi mā i tētahi pūnaha pūngao maha-pūtake (Pikitia 1), he mea whakauru ki tētahi kaikohi rā ranu photovoltaic-thermal. Ki te whakataurite ki te pūnaha papu wera hau-wai noa, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te pūngao maha-pūtake mā te 16%~25%. I whakawhanakehia e Zheng mā i tētahi momo pūnaha rokiroki wera hou e hono ana i te pūngao rā me te papu wera pūtake whenua. Ka taea e te pūnaha kaikohi rā te whakatutuki i te rokiroki whakamahana wā kounga teitei, arā, te whakamahana kounga teitei i te takurua me te whakamatao kounga teitei i te raumati. Ka taea e te whakawhiti wera ngongo tanumia me te tāke rokiroki wera wā-wā te whakahaere pai i roto i te pūnaha, ā, ka taea e te uara COP o te pūnaha te eke ki te 6.96.
I te taha o te pūngao o te rā, ko tōna whāinga he whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te hiko arumoni, me te whakarei ake i te pumau o te tuku hiko o te rā i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi. I whakatakoto a Wan Ya mā i tētahi kaupapa hangarau whakahaere atamai hou hei whakakotahi i te whakaputa hiko o te rā me te hiko arumoni mō te whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi, ka taea te whakamahi i te hiko photovoltaic ina he mārama, ka huri hei hiko arumoni ina kore he mārama, ka tino whakaiti i te tere o te korenga o te kawenga hiko, me te whakaiti i te utu ōhanga me te kore e whakamahi i ngā pākahiko.
Ka taea e te pūngao rā, te pūngao koiora me te pūngao hiko te whakamahana ngātahi i ngā whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka taea hoki e ēnei te whakatutuki i te pai o te whakamahana. I whakakotahi a Zhang Liangrui me ētahi atu i te kohikohinga wera ngongo korehau rā me te tāke wai rokiroki wera hiko awaawa. He pai te whakamarie wera o te pūnaha whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ko te pai o te whakamahana toharite o te pūnaha he 68.70%. Ko te tāke wai rokiroki wera hiko he taputapu rokiroki wai whakamahana koiora me te whakamahana hiko. Ka whakatakotoria te pāmahana iti rawa o te putanga wai i te pito whakamahana, ā, ka whakatauhia te rautaki whakahaere o te pūnaha i runga i te pāmahana rokiroki wai o te wāhanga kohikohinga wera rā me te wāhanga rokiroki wera koiora, kia tutuki ai te pāmahana whakamahana pumau i te pito whakamahana me te penapena i te pūngao hiko me ngā rauemi pūngao koiora ki te taumata teitei.
Rangahau Auaha me te Whakamahinga o ngā Rauemi Whare Kakariki Hou
I te whānui haere o te rohe kati kōtuhi, kei te kitea haere ngā ngoikoretanga o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi kati kōtuhi tuku iho pērā i te pereki me te oneone. Nō reira, kia pai ake ai te mahi wera o te kati kōtuhi me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whanaketanga o te kati kōtuhi hou, he maha ngā rangahau me ngā whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hipoki mārama hou, ngā rauemi whakamahana wera me ngā rauemi pakitara.
Te rangahau me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hipoki mārama hou
Ko ngā momo rauemi hipoki mārama mō te whare kati kōtuhi ko te kiriata kirihou, te karāhe, te papa rā me te papa photovoltaic, ā, ko te kiriata kirihou te mea nui rawa atu. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga o te kiriata PE whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho ko te poto o te ora mahi, te kore pirau me te mahi kotahi. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā kiriata mahi hou kua whakawhanakehia mā te tāpiri i ngā tauhohenga mahi, ngā paninga rānei.
Kiriata tahuritanga mārama:Mā te whakamahi i ngā kaihoko whakawhiti mārama, ka hurihia e te kiriata whakawhiti mārama ngā āhuatanga whatu o te kiriata mā te whakamahi i ngā kaihoko whakawhiti mārama pēnei i te whenua onge me ngā rauemi nano, ā, ka taea te huri i te rohe mārama ultraviolet ki te mārama whero karaka me te mārama kikorangi papura e hiahiatia ana e te whakaahua tipu, ka piki ake te hua o ngā hua me te whakaiti i te kino o te mārama ultraviolet ki ngā hua me ngā kiriata kati kōtuhi i roto i ngā kati kōtuhi kirihou. Hei tauira, ka taea e te kiriata kati kōtuhi whānui-rohe papura-ki-whero me te kaihoko whakawhiti mārama VTR-660 te whakapai ake i te tuku infrared ina whakamahia i roto i te kati kōtuhi, ā, ki te whakatauritea ki te kati kōtuhi whakahaere, kua piki ake te hua tōmato mō ia heketea, te huaora C me te ihirangi lycopene mā te 25.71%, 11.11% me te 33.04%. Heoi, i tēnei wā, me ako tonu te roa o te mahi, te pirau me te utu o te kiriata whakawhiti mārama hou.
Karāhe mararaKo te karāhe marara i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi he tauira motuhake me te hangarau ārai-whakaata i runga i te mata o te karāhe, ka taea te whakanui ake i te hihi o te rā ki roto i te mārama marara ka tomo ki te whare kati kōtuhi, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaahua o ngā hua me te whakanui ake i te hua o te hua. Mā te karāhe marara ka huri te mārama e tomo ana ki te whare kati kōtuhi hei mārama marara mā roto i ngā tauira motuhake, ā, ka taea te whiti ōrite ake i te mārama marara ki roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka whakakore i te awe atarangi o te angaanga ki runga i te whare kati kōtuhi. Ki te whakatauritea ki te karāhe pōrewa noa me te karāhe pōrewa tino-mā, ko te paerewa o te whakawhiti mārama o te karāhe marara he 91.5%, ā, ko te karāhe pōrewa noa he 88%. Mō ia 1% pikinga o te whakawhiti mārama i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua mā te 3% pea, ā, kua piki ake te huka wairewa me te huaora C i roto i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua. Ka pania tuatahitia te karāhe marara i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, kātahi ka whakamahanatia, ā, he teitei ake te tere pahū-ake i te paerewa ā-motu, e tae ana ki te 2‰.
Rangahau me te Whakamahinga o ngā Rauemi Ārai Wera Hou
Ko ngā rauemi whakamahana tuku iho i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi ko te whāriki kakau witi, te whāriki pepa, te whāriki whakamahana ngira, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana mō te whakamahana o roto, o waho hoki o ngā tuanui, te whakamahana pakitara me te whakamahana o ētahi taputapu rokiroki me te kohikohi wera. Ko te nuinga o ēnei he hapa o te ngaronga o te mahi whakamahana nā te makuku o roto i muri i te whakamahinga roa. Nō reira, he maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā rauemi whakamahana wera hou, ā, ko te arotahi rangahau ko te whāriki whakamahana hou, ngā taputapu rokiroki me te kohikohi wera.
Ko ngā rauemi whakamahana hou ka hangaia mā te tukatuka me te whakaranu i ngā rauemi ātete-wai me ngā rauemi ātete-pakeke o te mata pērā i te kiriata whatu me te huruhuru hipi pania ki ngā rauemi whakamahana puhoi pērā i te miro pania-rehu, te kāhimere me te miro pērara. I whakamatautauria he whāriki whakamahana miro pania-rehu kiriata whatu i te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Haina. I kitea ko te tāpiri i te 500 karamu o te miro pania-rehu he rite ki te mahi whakamahana o te 4500 karamu o te whāriki whakamahana pango i te mākete. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, i pai ake te mahi whakamahana o te 700 karamu o te miro pania-rehu mā te 1~2℃ ki te whakataurite ki te whāriki whakamahana miro pania-rehu 500 karamu. I taua wā anō, i kitea anō hoki e ētahi atu rangahau, ki te whakataurite ki ngā whāriki whakamahana e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te mākete, he pai ake te pānga whakamahana o te miro pania-rehu me ngā whāriki whakamahana kāhimere, me ngā reiti whakamahana o te 84.0% me te 83.3% ia. Ina -24.4℃ te pāmahana makariri rawa o waho, ka taea e te pāmahana o roto te eke ki te 5.4 me te 4.2℃ ia. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whāriki whakamahana paraikete kakau witi kotahi, he māmā, he tere whakamahana, he kaha te ātete ki te wai me te koroheketanga o te whāriki whakamahana hou, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei momo rauemi whakamahana tino pai mō ngā whare kati kōtuhi rā.
I taua wā anō, e ai ki ngā rangahau mō ngā rauemi whakamahana mō ngā taputapu kohikohi me te rokiroki wera o te whare kati kōtuhi, i kitea anō hoki mēnā he rite te matotoru, he pai ake te mahi whakamahana o ngā rauemi whakamahana maha-paparanga i ngā rauemi takitahi. I hoahoahia, i tirotirohia hoki e te tīma a Ahorangi Li Jianming mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Northwest A&F ngā momo rauemi whakamahana e 22 o ngā taputapu rokiroki wai o te whare kati kōtuhi, pērā i te papa korehau, te aerogel me te miro rapa, ā, i inehia ō rātou āhuatanga whakamahana. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka taea e te rauemi whakamahana miro hiato paninga whakamahana 80mm+aerogel+rapa-kirihou te whakaiti i te marara wera mā te 0.367MJ ia wā kotahi, ki te whakaritea ki te miro rapa-kirihou 80mm, ā, ko tōna tauwehenga whakawhiti wera he 0.283W/(m2·k) i te wā he 100mm te matotoru o te huinga whakamahana.
Ko te rauemi huringa āhua tētahi o ngā wāhi wera i roto i te rangahau rauemi kati kōtuhi. Kua whakawhanakehia e Te Whare Wānanga o Northwest A&F ngā momo taputapu rokiroki rauemi huringa āhua e rua: ko tētahi he pouaka rokiroki i hangaia ki te polyethylene mangu, he rahi 50cm × 30cm × 14cm (roa × teitei × matotoru) ā, kua whakakiia ki ngā rauemi huringa āhua, kia taea ai te penapena wera me te tuku wera; Tuarua, kua whakawhanakehia he momo papa pakitara huringa āhua hou. Ko te papa pakitara huringa āhua he mea hanga ki te rauemi huringa āhua, te pereti konumohe, te pereti konumohe-kirihou me te koranu konumohe. Kei te tūranga pokapū rawa o te papa pakitara te rauemi huringa āhua, ā, ko tōna whakatakotoranga he 200mm × 200mm × 50mm. He totoka paura i mua me muri i te huringa āhua, ā, kāore he āhuatanga rewa, he rere rānei. Ko ngā pakitara e whā o te rauemi huringa āhua he pereti konumohe me te pereti konumohe-kirihou. Ka taea e tēnei taputapu te whakatutuki i ngā mahi o te penapena wera i te awatea me te tuku wera i te pō.
Nō reira, kei reira ētahi raruraru i roto i te whakamahinga o te rauemi whakamahana kotahi, pērā i te iti o te whai huatanga o te whakamahana, te nui o te ngaronga wera, te poto o te wā rokiroki wera, me ētahi atu. Nō reira, mā te whakamahi i te rauemi whakamahana hiato hei paparanga whakamahana me te paparanga hipoki whakamahana o roto, o waho hoki o te taputapu rokiroki wera ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi whakamahana o te whare kati kōtuhi, te whakaiti i te ngaronga wera o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka tutuki ai te pānga o te penapena pūngao.
Rangahau me te Whakamahinga o te Taiepa Hou
Hei momo hanganga ārai, he ārai nui te pakitara mō te tiaki makariri me te tiaki wera o te whare kati kōtuhi. E ai ki ngā rauemi me ngā hanganga o te pakitara, ka taea te wehewehe i te whanaketanga o te pakitara raki o te whare kati kōtuhi kia toru ngā momo: te pakitara papa-kotahi i hangaia ki te oneone, pereki, me ētahi atu, me te pakitara papa-raki i hangaia ki te pereki uku, pereki poraka, papa polystyrene, me ētahi atu, me te rokiroki wera o roto me te whakamarumaru wera o waho, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei pakitara he roa te wā me te mahi nui; Nō reira, i ngā tau tata nei, kua puta mai he maha ngā momo pakitara hou, he ngāwari ki te hanga, ā, he pai mō te huihui tere.
Ko te putanga mai o ngā pakitara whakakotahi momo hou ka whakatairanga i te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā whare kati kōtuhi kua huihuia, tae atu ki ngā pakitara whakakotahi momo hou me ngā rauemi mata ā-wai me te ātete-pakeke o waho me ngā rauemi pēnei i te huruhuru hipi, te miro pērara, te miro ātea, te miro karāhe, te miro hangarua rānei hei paparanga whakamahana, pēnei i ngā pakitara whakakotahi ngāwari o te miro rehu-here i Xinjiang. Hei tāpiri, kua pūrongohia hoki e ētahi atu rangahau te pakitara raki o te whare kati kōtuhi kua huihuia me te paparanga rokiroki wera, pēnei i te poraka moata anga witi kī tonu i Xinjiang. I raro i te taiao o waho kotahi, ina ko te pāmahana o waho iti rawa ko -20.8℃, ko te pāmahana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi rā me te pakitara whakakotahi poraka moata anga witi ko 7.5℃, ko te pāmahana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi rā me te pakitara pereki-raima ko 3.2℃. Ka taea te whakaroa i te wā hauhake tōmato i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi pereki mā te 16 rā, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua o te whare kati kōtuhi kotahi mā te 18.4%.
I tukuna e te tīma whare o Te Whare Wānanga o Northwest A&F te whakaaro hoahoa mō te hanga kakau witi, oneone, wai, kōhatu me ngā rauemi whakarerekētanga āhuahanga hei whakamātao wera me ngā kōwae rokiroki wera mai i te koki o te māramatanga me te hoahoa pakitara māmā ake, ā, i whakatairangahia ai te rangahau tono mō te pakitara kua huihuia. Hei tauira, ki te whakatauritea ki te whare kati kōtuhi pakitara pereki noa, ko te pāmahana toharite i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi he 4.0℃ teitei ake i te rā paki noa. E toru ngā momo kōwae sima whakarerekētanga āhuahanga kore-waro, he mea hanga ki te rauemi whakarerekētanga āhuahanga (PCM) me te sima, he 74.5, 88.0 me te 95.1 MJ/m te wera kua kohia.3, ā, i tukuna te wera o te 59.8, 67.8 me te 84.2 MJ/m3, ia. Kei a rātou ngā mahi o te "tapahi tihi" i te awatea, te "whakakī awaawa" i te pō, te mimiti i te wera i te raumati me te tuku i te wera i te takurua.
Ka huihuia ēnei pakitara hou ki te papaanga, he poto te wā hanga me te roa o te ora mahi, ka waihangahia he tikanga mō te hanganga o ngā whare kati kōtuhi kua oti te hanga, he māmā, he tere hoki te huihui, ā, ka taea te whakatairanga i te hanganga hou o ngā whare kati kōtuhi. Heoi, he hapa kei roto i tēnei momo pakitara, pērā i te pakitara whāriki whakamahana miro rehu-hono he tino pai te mahi whakamahana, engari kāore i te kaha ki te pupuri wera, ā, he nui te utu whakamahi o te rauemi hanga huringa āhua. I te heke mai, me whakapakari ake te rangahau tono mō te pakitara kua huihui.
Mā te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me ngā hoahoa hou ka huri te hanganga o te whare kati kōtuhi.
Ko te rangahau me te auahatanga o te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou te pūtake mō te auahatanga hoahoa o te whare kati kōtuhi. Ko te whare kati kōtuhi rā penapena-pūngao me te whare kōhatu āwhata ngā hanganga whare kōhatu nui rawa atu i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua o Haina, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua. Heoi, i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga pāpori o Haina, kei te piki haere te kitea o ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā momo hanganga whare e rua. Tuatahi, he iti te wāhi o ngā hanganga whare, ā, he iti te nui o te mīhini; Tuarua, he pai te whakamarumaru wera o te whare kati kōtuhi rā penapena-pūngao, engari he iti te whakamahinga whenua, he rite ki te whakakapi i te pūngao whare kati kōtuhi ki te whenua. Ehara i te mea he iti noa te wāhi o te whare kōhatu noa, engari he ngoikore hoki te whakamarumaru wera. Ahakoa he nui te wāhi o te whare kati kōtuhi maha-whānui, he ngoikore te whakamarumaru wera me te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao. Nō reira, he mea nui kia rangahau me te whakawhanake i te hanganga whare kati kōtuhi e tika ana mō te taumata pāpori me te ōhanga o Haina i tēnei wā, ā, mā te rangahau me te whakawhanake i te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou ka āwhina i te hanganga whare kati kōtuhi ki te whakarerekē me te whakaputa i ngā momo tauira whare kati kōtuhi auaha, i ngā hanganga rānei.
Rangahau Auaha mō te Whare Karaka Pia Āhua-kore-rite, Whānui-ā-whānui, Whakahaere-wai
Ko te whare kati kōhua nui-whānui kore-āhua (nama patent: ZL 201220391214.2) e hangai ana ki te kaupapa o te whare kati kōhua rā, e whakarerekē ana i te hanganga ōrite o te whare kati kōhua kirihou noa, e whakanui ana i te whāwhā tonga, e whakanui ana i te horahanga mārama o te tuanui tonga, e whakaiti ana i te whāwhā raki me te whakaiti i te horahanga marara wera, me te whāwhā 18~24m me te teitei o te hiwi 6~7m. Nā te auahatanga hoahoa, kua tino piki ake te hanganga ā-wāhi. I taua wā anō, ko ngā raruraru o te kore rawa o te wera i roto i te whare kati kōhua i te takurua me te koretake o te whakamarumaru wera o ngā rauemi whakamarumaru wera noa ka whakatauhia mā te whakamahi i te hangarau hou o te wera me ngā rauemi whakamarumaru wera mō te hanga koiora. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o te whakaputa me te rangahau ka taea e te whare kati kōhua nui-whānui te whakahaere i te wai, me te pāmahana toharite o te 11.7℃ i ngā rā paki me te 10.8℃ i ngā rā kapua, te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te tipu hua i te takurua, ā, kua whakaitihia te utu hanga o te whare kati kōhua mā te 39.6%, ā, kua piki ake te tere whakamahinga whenua neke atu i te 30% ki te whakataurite ki te whare kati kōhua pakitara pereki polystyrene, he mea e tika ana mō te rongonui me te tono atu i roto i te Kōhatu Awa Huaihe Kōwhai o Haina.
Whare kati kōtuhi rā kua huihui
Ko te whare kati kōtuhi rā e huihui ana ka whakamahia ngā pou me te anga tuanui hei hanganga pikau kawenga, ā, ko te rauemi pakitara he ārai wera te nuinga, kaua ko te pikau me te rokiroki wera me te tuku. Ko te mea nui: (1) ka hangaia he momo pakitara hou mā te whakakotahi i ngā momo rauemi pēnei i te kiriata pania, te pereti maitai tae rānei, te poraka kakau witi, te whāriki whakamarumaru wera ngāwari, te poraka moata, me ētahi atu. (2) papa pakitara hiato i hangaia mai i te papa sima-papa polystyrene-papa sima; (3) He momo rauemi whakamarumaru wera māmā me te huihui ngāwari me te pūnaha rokiroki wera kaha me te pūnaha tuku whakamakuku, pēnei i te rokiroki wera peere tapawhā kirihou me te rokiroki wera paipa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whakamarumaru wera hou me ngā rauemi rokiroki wera hei utu mō te pakitara oneone tuku iho hei hanga whare kati kōtuhi rā, he nui te wāhi me te iti o te hangarau ā-iwi. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau ko te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi i te pō i te takurua he 4.5℃ teitei ake i te whare kati kōtuhi pereki tuku iho, ā, ko te matotoru o te pakitara o muri he 166mm. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whare kati kōtuhi pakitara pereki matotoru 600mm, kua heke te horahanga o te pakitara mā te 72%, ā, ko te utu mō ia mita pūrua he 334.5 yuan, he 157.2 yuan te iti iho i te whare kati kōtuhi pakitara pereki, ā, kua tino heke te utu hanga. Nō reira, he pai ngā painga o te whare kati kōtuhi kua huihuia, arā, he iti ake te whakangaromanga o te whenua, he penapena whenua, he tere te hanga, he roa te ora o te mahi, ā, he huarahi matua tēnei mō te auahatanga me te whanaketanga o ngā whare kati kōtuhi pūngao-rā i nāianei me ngā rā kei te heke mai.
Kākāriki reti reti
Ko te whare kati kōtuhi rā penapena-pūngao i hangaia ki te papa reti, i whakawhanakehia e te Whare Wānanga Ahuwhenua o Shenyang, e whakamahi ana i te pakitara o muri o te whare kati kōtuhi rā hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha rokiroki wera pakitara rere wai hei penapena wera me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana, ko te nuinga he puna kaukau (32m3), he pereti kohikohi mārama (360m2), he papu wai, he paipa wai me te kaiwhakahaere. Kua whakakapia te whāriki whakamahana ngāwari ki tētahi rauemi pereti maitai hou he tae huruhuru toka māmā kei runga. E whakaatu ana te rangahau he pai te whakaoti rapanga o tēnei hoahoa i te raruraru o ngā āpure e ārai ana i te mārama, ā, ka whakanui ake i te wāhi tomo mārama o te whare kati kōtuhi. Ko te koki mārama o te whare kati kōtuhi he 41.5°, tata ki te 16° teitei ake i te whare kati kōtuhi whakahaere, ā, ka whakapai ake i te tere mārama. He ōrite te tohatoha pāmahana o roto, ā, ka tupu pai ngā tipu. He painga tō te whare kati kōtuhi ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga whenua, te hoahoa ngāwari i te rahi o te whare kati kōtuhi me te whakapoto i te wā hanga, he mea nui tēnei ki te tiaki i ngā rauemi whenua me te taiao kua whakatōkia.
Kākāriki photovoltaic
He whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua te whare kati kōtuhi e whakauru ana i te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic o te rā, te whakahaere pāmahana atamai me te whakato hangarau teitei hou. He anga wheua rino tōna, ā, kua hipokina ki ngā kōwae photovoltaic o te rā hei whakarite i ngā whakaritenga rama o ngā kōwae whakaputa hiko photovoltaic me ngā whakaritenga rama o te whare kati kōtuhi katoa. Ko te au tika e whakaputaina ana e te pūngao o te rā e tāpiri tika ana i te rama o ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua, e tautoko tika ana i te mahi noa o ngā taputapu whare kati kōtuhi, e akiaki ana i te whakamakuku o ngā rauemi wai, e whakanui ana i te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, e whakatairanga ana i te tipu tere o ngā hua. Mā tēnei ara ka pā ngā kōwae photovoltaic ki te whai huatanga o te rama o te tuanui whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka pā ki te tipu noa o ngā huawhenua whare kati kōtuhi. Nō reira, ko te whakatakotoranga whaitake o ngā panera photovoltaic i runga i te tuanui o te whare kati kōtuhi ka noho hei kaupapa matua o te tono. Ko te whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua te hua o te whakakotahitanga rauropi o te ahuwhenua tirotiro me te māra whare, ā, he umanga ahuwhenua auaha e whakauru ana i te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, te tirotiro ahuwhenua, ngā hua ahuwhenua, te hangarau ahuwhenua, te whenua me te whanaketanga ahurea.
Te hoahoa auaha o te rōpū kati kōtuhi me te taunekeneke pūngao i waenga i ngā momo kati kōtuhi rerekē
Ko Guo Wenzhong, he kairangahau i te Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, e whakamahi ana i te tikanga whakamahana o te whakawhiti pūngao i waenga i ngā whare kati kōtuhi hei kohikohi i te kaha wera e toe ana i roto i tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā whare kati kōtuhi hei whakamahana i tētahi atu, neke atu rānei o ngā whare kati kōtuhi. Mā tēnei tikanga whakamahana ka taea te whakawhiti i te kaha o te whare kati kōtuhi i te wā me te wāhi, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga pūngao o te kaha wera whare kati kōtuhi e toe ana, ā, ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao whakamahana katoa. Ka taea e ngā momo whare kati kōtuhi e rua te noho hei momo whare kati kōtuhi rerekē, te momo whare kati kōtuhi kotahi rānei mō te whakato i ngā momo hua, pērā i te rētihi me te tōmato. Ko ngā tikanga kohikohi wera ko te tango i te wera o roto me te aukati tika i te hihi e pā mai ana. Mā te kohikohinga pūngao o te rā, te kawe kaha mā te whakawhiti wera me te tango kaha mā te papu wera, ka tangohia te wera tāpiri i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi kaha-nui hei whakamahana i te whare kati kōtuhi.
whakarāpopoto
He pai ngā painga o ēnei whare kati kōtuhi rā hou, arā, he tere te huihui, he poto te wā hanga, ā, he pai ake te tere o te whakamahinga o te whenua. Nō reira, me tūhuratia anō te mahi a ēnei whare kati kōtuhi hou ki ngā rohe rerekē, me te whakarato i te whai wāhitanga mō te rongonuitanga me te whakamahinga nui o ngā whare kati kōtuhi hou. I taua wā anō, me whakapakari tonu te whakamahinga o te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou ki ngā whare kati kōtuhi, kia taea ai te whakarato hiko mō te whakahoutanga hanganga o ngā whare kati kōtuhi.
Te tirohanga me te whakaaro mō te heke mai
He maha ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho, pērā i te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao, te iti o te whakamahinga whenua, te roa me te mahi, te ngoikore o te mahi, me ētahi atu, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakaputa o te ahuwhenua hou, ā, me āta whakakorea. Nō reira, he ia whanaketanga te whakamahi i ngā puna pūngao hou pērā i te pūngao rā, te pūngao koiora, te pūngao waiariki me te pūngao hau, ngā rauemi tono whare kati kōtuhi hou me ngā hoahoa hou hei whakatairanga i te huringa hanganga o te whare kati kōtuhi. Tuatahi, ko te whare kati kōtuhi hou e akiakihia ana e te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou me whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mahi miihini anake, engari me penapena pūngao, whenua me te utu. Tuarua, me tūhura tonu te mahi o ngā whare kati kōtuhi hou i ngā rohe rerekē, kia whakaratohia ai he tikanga mō te rongonuitanga nui o ngā whare kati kōtuhi. I te heke mai, me rapu tonu tātou i te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou e tika ana mō te tono whare kati kōtuhi, me te kimi i te huinga pai o te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me te whare kati kōtuhi, kia taea ai te hanga whare kati kōtuhi hou me te utu iti, te wā hanga poto, te iti o te whakapaunga pūngao me te mahi pai rawa atu, hei āwhina i te huringa hanganga whare kati kōtuhi me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga hou o ngā whare kati kōtuhi i Haina.
Ahakoa he au e kore e taea te karo i te whakamahinga o te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me ngā hoahoa hou i roto i te hanganga whare kati kōtuhi, he maha tonu ngā raruraru hei ako me te wikitoria: (1) Ka piki ake te utu hanga. Ki te whakataurite ki te whakamahana tuku iho me te waro, te hau māori, te hinu rānei, he pai te whakamahi i te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou ki te taiao, ā, kāore he parahanga, engari he nui te pikinga o te utu hanga, he pānga tēnei ki te whakaora haumitanga o te whakaputa me te mahi. Ki te whakataurite ki te whakamahinga pūngao, ka nui ake te pikinga o te utu o ngā rauemi hou. (2) Te whakamahinga kore pumau o te pūngao wera. Ko te painga nui o te whakamahinga pūngao hou ko te iti o te utu whakahaere me te iti o te tukunga hauhā waro, engari he kore pumau te tuku pūngao me te wera, ā, ko ngā rā kapua te mea nui rawa atu hei whakawhāiti i te whakamahinga pūngao rā. I roto i te tukanga whakaputa wera koiora mā te whakapūkara, ka whakawhāitihia te whakamahinga whai hua o tēnei pūngao e ngā raruraru o te iti o te pūngao wera whakapūkara, te whakahaere uaua me te whakahaere, me te wāhi rokiroki nui mō te kawe rauemi mata. (3) Te pakari o te hangarau. Ko ēnei hangarau e whakamahia ana e te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou he rangahau matatau me ngā whakatutukitanga hangarau, ā, he iti tonu te rohe me te whānuitanga o tā rātou whakamahinga. Kāore i maha ngā wā i paahitia e rātou, he maha ngā wāhi me ngā mahi manatoko nui, ā, he maha ngā ngoikoretanga me ngā ihirangi hangarau me whakapai ake i roto i te tono. He maha ngā kaiwhakamahi e whakakahore ana i te whanaketanga o te hangarau nā te mea he iti noa ngā ngoikoretanga. (4) He iti te tere o te urunga hangarau. Ko te whakamahinga whānui o tētahi whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me te hangarau me whai rongonui. I tēnei wā, kei roto katoa i te rōpū o ngā pokapū rangahau pūtaiao i roto i ngā whare wānanga te pūngao hou, te hangarau hou me te hangarau hoahoa whare kati kōtuhi hou, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā kaitono hangarau, o ngā kaihoahoa rānei kāore anō kia mōhio; I taua wā anō, he iti tonu te rongonui me te tono o ngā hangarau hou nā te mea kua patenthia ngā taputapu matua o ngā hangarau hou. (5) Me whakapakari ake te whakaurunga o te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me te hoahoa hanganga whare kati kōtuhi. Nā te mea e toru ngā momo kaupapa rerekē o te pūngao, ngā rauemi me te hoahoa hanganga whare kati kōtuhi, he maha ngā tāngata whai wheako hoahoa whare kati kōtuhi kāore i te rangahau i te pūngao me ngā rauemi e pā ana ki te whare kati kōtuhi, me te ritenga kē; Nō reira, me whakapakari e ngā kairangahau e pā ana ki te rangahau pūngao me ngā rauemi te rangahau me te mārama ki ngā hiahia tuturu o te whanaketanga o te umanga kati kōtuhi, ā, me ako hoki e ngā kaihoahoa hanganga ngā rauemi hou me te pūngao hou hei whakatairanga i te whakaurunga hōhonu o ngā whanaungatanga e toru, kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te hangarau rangahau kati kōtuhi whaihua, te utu hanga iti me te pānga pai o te whakamahinga. I runga i ngā raruraru o runga ake nei, e kīia ana me whakanui ake e te kāwanatanga, ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe me ngā pokapū rangahau pūtaiao te rangahau hangarau, te whakahaere rangahau tahi hōhonu, te whakapakari i te whakatairanga i ngā whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me te hangarau, te whakapai ake i te rongonui o ngā whakatutukitanga, me te tere whakatutuki i te whāinga o te pūngao hou me ngā rauemi hou hei āwhina i te whanaketanga hou o te umanga kati kōtuhi.
Ngā mōhiohio kua whakahuatia
Li Jianming, Sun Guotao, Li Haojie, Li Rui, Hu Yixin. Ka āwhina te pūngao hou, ngā rauemi hou me te hoahoa hou i te hurihanga hou o te whare kati kōtuhi [J]. Huawhenua, 2022,(10):1-8.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-03-2022