Whakarāpopototanga

I tēnei wā, kua angitu te whakatinanatanga o te wheketere tipu i te whakatipu tipu huawhenua pērā i te kūkamo, te tōmato, te pepa, te aubergine, me te merengi, ā, kua whakaratohia he tipu kounga teitei ki ngā kaimahi pāmu i roto i ngā puranga, ā, kua pai ake te mahi whakaputa i muri i te whakato. Kua noho ngā wheketere tipu hei huarahi nui mō te whakarato tipu mō te umanga huawhenua, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga o tā rātou mahi ki te whakatairanga i te whakahoutanga hanganga taha-tuku o te umanga huawhenua, kia pai ai te whakarato huawhenua tāone me te whakaputa huawhenua matomato.

Te hoahoa pūnaha whakatipu tipu i te wheketere tipu me ngā taputapu hangarau matua

Hei pūnaha whakaputa ahuwhenua tino whai hua i tēnei wā, ka whakauruhia e te pūnaha whakatipu purapura o te wheketere tipu ngā tikanga hangarau whānui tae atu ki te rama horihori, te whakarato otinga matūkai, te whakahaere taiao-toru-ahu, ngā mahi āwhina aunoa, te whakahaere whakaputa atamai, me ētahi atu, ā, ka whakauruhia te hangarau koiora, te hangarau mōhiohio me te matauranga horihori. Mā ngā whakatutukitanga atamai me ētahi atu hangarau teitei ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga. 

Pūnaha pūtake rama horihori LED

Ko te hanganga o te taiao mārama horihori tētahi o ngā hangarau matua o te pūnaha whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu, ā, koinei hoki te pūtake matua o te whakapaunga pūngao mō te whakaputa tipu. He kaha te ngāwari o te taiao mārama o ngā wheketere tipu, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te taiao mārama mai i ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i te kounga o te mārama, te kaha o te mārama me te wā whakaahua, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka taea te arotau me te whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga mārama rerekē i roto i te raupapa wā hei hanga i tētahi tauira mārama mō te whakatipu tipu, kia tika ai te taiao mārama mō te whakatipu tipu horihori. Nō reira, i runga i ngā āhuatanga tono mārama me ngā whāinga whakaputa o ngā tipu tipu rerekē, mā te arotau i ngā tawhā tauira mārama me te rautaki tuku mārama, kua whakawhanakehia he pūtake mārama LED penapena pūngao motuhake, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao mārama o ngā tipu, te whakatairanga i te kohikohinga o te koiora tipu, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te whakaputa tipu, me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā utu whakaputa. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakahaere i te taiao mārama he tikanga hangarau nui anō hoki i roto i te tukanga whakatipu tipu me te whakaora i ngā tipu kua honoa.

Pūnaha whakatipu poutū maha-paparanga ka taea te tango

Ka whakahaerehia te whakatipu tipu i roto i te wheketere mā te whakamahi i tētahi whata maha-paparanga-toru-ahu. Mā te hoahoa pūnaha whakarōpū, ka taea te whakatinana i te huihuinga tere o te pūnaha whakatipu tipu. Ka taea te whakarerekē i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā whata kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga wāhi mō te whakatipu i ngā momo tipu rerekē, ā, ka nui ake te tere o te whakamahinga o te wāhi. Hei tāpiri, mā te hoahoa motuhake o te pūnaha moenga purapura, te pūnaha rama, me te pūnaha whakamakuku wai me te tongi ka taea e te moenga purapura te whai mahi kawe, he mea watea mō te neke ki ngā awheawhe rerekē pēnei i te rui, te whakatipu me te whakawhanaunga, ā, ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga mahi o te whakahaere i te paepae tipu.

Pūnaha whakatipu poutū maha-paparanga ka taea te tango 

Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakamahi i te tikanga tai, rehu me ētahi atu tikanga mā te whakahaere tika i te wā me te auau o te tuku matūkai, kia tutuki ai te tuku ōrite me te whakamahinga whai hua o te wai me ngā matūkai kohuke. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te tikanga otinga matūkai motuhake mō ngā tipu, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu, me te whakarite kia tere, kia hauora hoki te tipu o ngā tipu. Hei tāpiri, mā te pūnaha kimi matūkai ā-ipurangi me te pūnaha whakahoromata otinga matūkai, ka taea te whakakī anō i ngā matūkai i te wā tika, me te karo hoki i te kohikohi o ngā moroiti me ngā matūkai tuarua e pā kino ana ki te tipu noa o ngā tipu. 

Pūnaha Whakahaere Taiao

Ko te whakahaere taiao tika me te whai hua tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te pūnaha whakatipu purapura o te wheketere tipu. Ko te hanganga tiaki o waho o te wheketere tipu he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi he mātotoru, he tino ārai hoki. I runga i tēnei kaupapa, kāore e pāngia te whakahaere o te mārama, te pāmahana, te haumākū, te tere o te hau, me te CO2 e te taiao o waho. Mā te hanganga o te tauira CFD hei whakapai ake i te whakatakotoranga o te paipa hau, me te tikanga whakahaere taiao-iti, ka taea te whakatutuki i te tohatoha ōrite o ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te pāmahana, te haumākū, te tere o te hau, me te CO2 i roto i te wāhi ahurea matotoru. Ka whakatinanahia te whakahaere taiao atamai e ngā pūoko tohatoha me te whakahaere whakapā, ā, ka whakahaerehia te whakahaere wā-tūturu o te taiao whakatipu katoa mā te hononga i waenga i te wae aroturuki me te pūnaha whakahaere. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi i ngā puna mārama whakamatao-wai me te tohanga wai, me te whakaurunga o ngā puna makariri o waho, ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakamatao penapena hiko me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko o te hauhautanga.

Ngā taputapu mahi āwhina aunoa

He tino pakari te tukanga whakatipu purapura o te wheketere tipu, he nui te kiato o te mahi, he iti te wāhi, ā, he mea nui ngā taputapu āwhina aunoa. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa te whakamahi i ngā taputapu āwhina aunoa ki te whakaiti i te whakapaunga mahi, engari ka āwhina hoki ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wāhi whakatipu. Ko ngā taputapu aunoa kua whakawhanakehia tae noa mai ki tēnei wā ko te mīhini hipoki oneone mono, te mīhini rui, te mīhini whakapiri, te taraka kawe AGV, me ētahi atu. I raro i te mana whakahaere o te tūāpapa whakahaere atamai tautoko, ka taea te whakatinana i te mahi kore tangata o te tukanga whakatipu purapura katoa. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui ake hoki te hangarau tirohanga mīhini i roto i te tukanga whakatipu purapura. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa ki te aroturuki i te āhua tipu o ngā purapura, ka āwhina i te whakahaere i ngā purapura arumoni, engari ka mahi aunoa hoki i te tirotiro i ngā purapura ngoikore me ngā purapura mate. Ka tangohia e te ringa karetao, ka whakakīia ngā purapura.

Ngā painga o te whakatipu tipu tipu i te wheketere

Mā te taumata teitei o te whakahaere taiao ka taea te whakaputa hua ā-tau

Nā te motuhaketanga o te whakatipu tipu, he mea tino nui te whakahaere i tōna taiao whakatipu. I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te wheketere tipu, he tino whakahaeretia ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te wai, te hau, te tongi me te CO2, ka taea te whakarato i te taiao tipu pai rawa atu mō te whakatipu tipu, ahakoa ngā wā me ngā rohe. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te tukanga whakatipu tipu kua honoa me ngā tipu tapahi, me nui ake te whakahaere taiao mō te tukanga whakaora patunga me te wehewehe pakiaka, ā, he pai hoki ngā wheketere tipu hei kawe. He kaha te ngāwari o ngā āhuatanga taiao o te wheketere tipu, nō reira he mea nui mō te whakaputa tipu huawhenua i ngā wā kāore i te whakatipu, i ngā taiao tino kino rānei, ā, ka taea te tautoko i ngā tipu kia mau tonu ai te tuku huawhenua. Hei tāpiri, kāore te whakatipu tipu o ngā wheketere tipu e herea ana e te wāhi, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te wāhi tonu i ngā tāone iti me ngā wāhi tūmatanui hapori. He ngāwari, he rerekē hoki ngā whakaritenga, e āhei ai te whakaputa papatipu me te tuku tata i ngā tipu kounga teitei, e whakarato ana i te tautoko nui mō te whanaketanga o te māra tāone. 

Whakapotohia te huringa whakaputa uri me te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā tipu

I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te wheketere tipu, nā te whakahaere tika i ngā āhuatanga taiao tipu, ka whakapotohia te huringa whakatipu uri mā te 30% ki te 50% ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga tuku iho. Mā te whakapoto i te huringa whakatipu ka taea te whakanui ake i te puranga whakaputa uri, te whakanui ake i te moni whiwhi a te kaihanga, me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea mahi i puta mai i ngā huringa mākete. Mō ngā kaiwhakatipu, he pai mō te whakatō me te whakato wawe, te whakarewatanga wawe o te mākete, me te whakapai ake i te whakataetae mākete. I tētahi atu taha, he ma, he pakari hoki ngā uri i whakatipuria i roto i te wheketere tipu, he tino pai ake ngā tohu āhua me te kounga, ā, he pai ake te mahi whakaputa i muri i te whakatipuranga. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko ngā uri tōmato, pepa me te kūkamo i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te wheketere tipu ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te horahanga rau, te teitei o te tipu, te whānui o te kakau, te kaha o te pakiaka me ētahi atu tohu, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te urutau, te ātete ki te mate, te rerekētanga o te puku putiputi i muri i te whakatipuranga. Ā, he mārama ngā painga o te whakaputa me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ko te maha o ngā putiputi uwha mō ia tipu i piki ake mā te 33.8% me te maha o ngā hua mō ia tipu i piki ake mā te 37.3% i muri i te whakato i ngā uri kūkamo i whakatipuria i roto i ngā wheketere tipu. Mā te hohonu haere tonu o ngā rangahau ariā mō te koiora o te taiao whanaketanga o te tipu, ka tika ake, ka taea hoki te whakahaere i ngā wheketere tipu ki te hanga i te āhua o te tipu me te whakapai ake i ngā mahi ā-tinana.

 Te whakataurite i te āhua o ngā tipu kua honoa ki roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi me ngā wheketere tipu

Te whakamahinga whai hua o ngā rauemi hei whakaiti i ngā utu whakatipu uri

Ka whakamahia e te wheketere tipu ngā tikanga whakato paerewa, mōhiohio me ngā tikanga ahumahi, kia tino whakahaeretia ai ngā hononga katoa o te whakaputa tipu, ā, kia tino pai ake ai te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga rauemi. Ko ngā purapura te utu matua e pau ana i roto i te whakatipu tipu. Nā te koretake o te mahi me te kore e taea te whakahaere taiao o ngā tipu tuku iho, he raruraru pēnei i te kore e pihi, te ngoikore rānei o te tipu o ngā purapura, ka hua ake he nui te para i roto i te tukanga mai i ngā purapura ki ngā tipu arumoni. I roto i te taiao wheketere tipu, mā te maimoatanga o mua o te purapura, te rui pai me te whakahaere tika i te taiao whakatipu, ka tino pai ake te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o ngā purapura, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te horopeta neke atu i te 30%. Ko te wai, te tongi me ētahi atu rauemi hoki ngā utu matua e pau ana i roto i te whakatipu tipu tuku iho, ā, he kino te āhuatanga o te para rauemi. I raro i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wheketere tipu, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau whakamakuku tika, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai me te tongi neke atu i te 70%. Hei tāpiri, nā te kiato o te hanganga o te wheketere tipu me te ōritetanga o te whakahaere taiao, ka tino pai ake hoki te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga pūngao me te CO2 i roto i te tukanga whakatipu tipu.

Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakatipu tipu whenua tuwhera me te whakatipu tipu kati kōtuhi, ko te āhuatanga nui o te whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu ko te taea te whakahaere i roto i te tikanga maha-paparanga-toru-ahu. I roto i te wheketere tipu, ka taea te whakawhānui i te whakatipu tipu mai i te papa ki te wāhi poutū, ka tino whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakatipu tipu mō ia waeine whenua, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o te wāhi. Hei tauira, ko te waeine paerewa mō te whakatipu tipu i whakawhanakehia e tētahi kamupene koiora, i raro i te tikanga o te kapi i te rohe o te 4.68 ㎡, ka taea te whakatipu neke atu i te 10,000 tipu i roto i te puranga kotahi, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā hiahia whakaputa huawhenua 3.3 Mu (2201.1 ㎡). I raro i te tikanga o te whakatipu tipu maha-paparanga-toru-ahu teitei, ko te tautoko i ngā taputapu āwhina aunoa me te pūnaha kawe waka atamai ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga mahi me te penapena mahi neke atu i te 50%.

Te whakatipu tipu ātete teitei hei āwhina i te whakaputa matomato

Mā te taiao whakaputa ma o te wheketere tipu ka taea te whakaiti i te putanga mai o ngā pepeke me ngā mate i roto i te wāhi whakaputa uri. I taua wā anō, mā te whirihoranga pai o te taiao whakatipu, ka nui ake te ātete o ngā tipu kua whakaputaina, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te rehu patupatu i te wā whakatipu me te whakato tipu. Hei tāpiri, mō te whakaputa uri motuhake pēnei i ngā tipu kua honoa me ngā tipu kua tapahia, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakahaere matomato pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te wai me te tongi i roto i te wheketere tipu hei whakakapi i te whakamahinga nui o ngā homoni i roto i ngā mahi tuku iho hei whakarite i te haumaru kai, te whakaiti i te parahanga taiao, me te whakatutuki i te whakaputa uri matomato pumau.

Tātaritanga utu whakaputa 

Ko ngā huarahi e taea ai e ngā wheketere tipu te whakanui ake i ngā painga ōhanga o ngā tipu tipu te nuinga o ngā wāhanga e rua. I tētahi taha, mā te arotau i te hoahoa hanganga, te whakahaere paerewa me te whakamahi i ngā whare me ngā taputapu atamai, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga o ngā purapura, te hiko me te mahi i roto i te tukanga whakatipu tipu tipu, me te whakapai ake i te whakapaunga wai, tongi, wera, me te pūngao. Mā te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o te hau me te CO2 ka whakaiti i te utu o te whakatipu tipu tipu; i tētahi atu taha, mā te whakahaere tika i te taiao me te arotau i te rere o te tukanga, ka poto ake te wā whakatipu tipu tipu, ā, ka piki ake te puranga whakatipu me te hua tipu tipu mō ia waeine wāhi, he mea whakataetae ake i te mākete. 

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau wheketere tipu me te hohonu haere tonu o te rangahau koiora taiao mō te whakatipu tipu, ko te utu o te whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu he rite tonu ki te whakatipu whare kati kōtuhi tuku iho, ā, he teitei ake te kounga me te uara mākete o ngā tipu. Hei tauira, ko ngā tipu kūkamo he nui te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi whakaputa, e 37% o te utu katoa, tae atu ki ngā purapura, te otinga matūkai, ngā paepae mono, ngā papa, me ētahi atu. Ko te whakapaunga hiko e 24% o te utu katoa, tae atu ki te rama tipu, te hauhautanga me te whakapaunga pūngao papu otinga matūkai, me ētahi atu, koinei te huarahi matua o te arotau ā muri ake nei. Hei tāpiri, ko te iti o te ōwehenga o te mahi he āhuatanga o te whakaputanga wheketere tipu. I te pikinga tonu o te taumata aunoatanga, ka whakaitihia ake te utu o te whakapaunga mahi. I te heke mai, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga o te whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu mā te whakawhanake i ngā hua tāpiri uara nui me te whakawhanake i te hangarau whakatipu ahumahi mō ngā tipu o ngā rākau ngahere utu nui.

Te hanganga utu mō te whakatipu kūkamo /%

Tūnga Ahumahi

I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakatinanahia e ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao e tohuhia ana e te Urban Agriculture Research Institute o te Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, me ngā umanga hangarau teitei te umanga whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu. Ka taea e ia te whakarato i ngā tipu me te raina whakaputa ahumahi whai hua mai i te purapura ki te putanga mai. I roto i ēnei, ko tētahi wheketere tipu i Shanxi i hangaia, ā, i whakahaerehia i te tau 2019 e kapi ana i te rohe o te 3,500 ㎡, ā, ka taea te whakatipu i te 800,000 tipu pepa, 550,000 tipu tōmato rānei i roto i te huringa 30-rā. Ko tētahi atu wheketere whakatipu tipu i hangaia e kapi ana i te rohe o te 2300 ㎡, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i te 8-10 miriona tipu ia tau. Ko te tipu whakaora nekeneke mō ngā tipu kua honoa i whakawhanakehia motuhake e te Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tūāpapa whakaora me te whakawhanaunga raina huihuinga mō te whakatipu tipu kua honoa. Ka taea e te wāhi mahi kotahi te whakahaere i te neke atu i te 10,000 tipu kua honoa i te wā kotahi. I te heke mai, e tūmanakohia ana ka whānui ake te kanorau o ngā momo whakatipu purapura i roto i ngā wheketere tipu, ā, ka haere tonu te whakapai ake i te taumata o te aunoatanga me te mātauranga.

Ko te tipu whakaora nekeneke mō ngā tipu kua tāpirihia i whakawhanakehia e te Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Tirohanga

Hei kaikawe hou mō te whakatipu tipu i roto i te wheketere, he nui ngā painga me te kaha hokohoko o ngā wheketere tipu ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga whakatipu tipu tuku iho, arā, te whakahaere tika i te taiao, te whakamahi pai i ngā rauemi me ngā mahi paerewa. Mā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi pēnei i te purapura, te wai, te tongi, te pūngao me te kaha tangata i roto i te whakatipu tipu, me te whakapai ake i te hua me te kounga o ngā tipu mō ia rohe, ka whakaitihia ake te utu o te whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu, ā, ka kaha ake te whakataetae o ngā hua i roto i te mākete. He nui te tono mō ngā tipu i Haina. Haunga te whakaputa i ngā hua tuku iho pēnei i ngā huawhenua, e tumanakohia ana ka whakatipuhia ngā tipu uara nui pēnei i ngā putiputi, ngā rongoā otaota Hainamana me ngā rākau onge i roto i ngā wheketere tipu, ā, ka whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga. I taua wā anō, me whakaaro te tūāpapa whakatipu tipu ahumahi ki te hototahitanga me te ngāwari o ngā whakatipu tipu rerekē kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te mākete whakatipu tipu i ngā wā rerekē.

Ko te ariā koiora o te taiao whakatipu uri te kaupapa matua o te whakahaere tika i te taiao wheketere tipu. Mā te rangahau hohonu mō te whakahaere i te āhua o te tipu uri me te photosynthesis me ētahi atu mahi ā-tinana e ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te haumākū me te CO2 ka āwhina i te whakatū i tētahi tauira taunekeneke tipu-taiao, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao o te whakaputa uri me te whakapai ake i te kounga me te whakaputa uri. Ka whakaratohia e te kounga he pūtake ariā. I runga i tēnei kaupapa, ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau whakahaere me ngā taputapu me te mārama hei kaupapa matua me te hono atu ki ētahi atu āhuatanga taiao, me te whakarite i te whakaputa uri me ngā momo tipu motuhake, te ōritetanga teitei me te kounga teitei kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te whakatipu kiato teitei me te mahi miihini i roto i ngā wheketere tipu. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakaratohia he pūtake hangarau mō te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha whakaputa uri matihiko, ā, ka tutuki te whakatipu uri matihiko paerewa, kore tangata me te whakatipu uri matihiko i roto i ngā wheketere tipu.

Kaituhi: Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, etc. 

Ngā mōhiohio tohutoro:

Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, Yang Qichang. Ngā taputapu hangarau matua me te ahumahi o te whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā wheketere tipu [J]. Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua, 2021,42(4):12-15.