He Kupu Whakarāpopoto: Ko ngā tipu huawhenua te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te whakaputa huawhenua, ā, he mea tino nui te kounga o ngā tipu ki te hua me te kounga o ngā huawhenua i muri i te whakatō. Nā te whakatikatika tonu o te wehenga mahi i roto i te umanga huawhenua, kua āta hanga ngā tipu huawhenua i tētahi mekameka ahumahi motuhake, ā, kua mahi ki te whakaputa huawhenua. Nā te pānga o te rangi kino, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā tikanga whakatipu tipu tuku iho pērā i te puhoi o te tipu o ngā tipu, te tipu rau, me ngā pepeke me ngā mate. Hei whakatau i ngā tipu rau, he maha ngā kaiwhakatipu arumoni e whakamahi ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu. Heoi, kei reira ngā mōrearea o te pakari o ngā tipu, te haumaru kai me te poke o te taiao me te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu. Haunga ngā tikanga whakahaere matū, ahakoa ka taea hoki e te whakaohooho miihini, te whakahaere pāmahana me te wai te whai wāhi ki te aukati i te tipu rau o ngā tipu, he iti ake te watea me te whai hua. I raro i te pānga o te mate urutā Covid-19 hou o te ao, kua nui ake te kitea o ngā raruraru o ngā uauatanga whakahaere whakaputa i puta mai i te korenga o ngā kaimahi me te pikinga o ngā utu mahi i roto i te umanga whakatipu.

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau rama, ko te whakamahinga o te rama horihori mō te whakatipu tipu huawhenua he painga o te whai huatanga o te tipu, te iti o ngā pepeke me ngā mate, me te ngāwari o te whakataurite. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā pūtake rama tuku iho, ko ngā āhuatanga o te whakatupuranga hou o ngā pūtake rama LED ko te penapena pūngao, te whai huatanga nui, te roa o te ora, te tiaki taiao me te pakari, te rahi iti, te iti o te hihi wera, me te iti o te awhe roangaru. Ka taea e ia te hanga i te whānuitanga tika kia rite ki ngā hiahia tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu i roto i te taiao o ngā wheketere tipu, me te whakahaere tika i te tukanga ā-tinana me te pākia o ngā tipu, i te wa ano, ka whai wāhi ki te whakaputa kore parahanga, paerewa me te tere o ngā tipu huawhenua, me te whakapoto i te huringa tipu. I Haina ki te Tonga, e 60 ngā rā e pau ana ki te whakatipu tipu pepa me te tōmato (3-4 rau tūturu) i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi kirihou, ā, e 35 ngā rā mō ngā tipu kūkamo (3-5 rau tūturu). I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te wheketere tipu, e 17 noa iho ngā rā e pau ana ki te whakatipu tipu tōmato me te 25 ngā rā mō ngā tipu pepa i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te wā whakaahua o te 20 hāora me te PPF o te 200-300 μmol/(m2•s). Ki te whakatauritea ki te tikanga whakatipu tipu noa i roto i te kati kōtuhi, ko te whakamahinga o te tikanga whakatipu tipu wheketere tipu LED i whakapoto i te huringa tipu kūkamo mā te 15-30 rā, ā, ko te maha o ngā putiputi me ngā hua uwha mō ia tipu i piki ake mā te 33.8% me te 37.3%, ia, ā, ko te hua teitei rawa i piki ake mā te 71.44%.

Mō te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga pūngao, he teitei ake te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga pūngao o ngā wheketere tipu i ērā o ngā whare kati kōtuhi momo Venlo i te whānui kotahi. Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi wheketere tipu Huitene, e 1411 MJ e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i te 1 kg o te mea maroke o te rētihi, ko te 1699 MJ ia e hiahiatia ana i roto i tētahi whare kati kōtuhi. Heoi, ki te tatauhia te hiko e hiahiatia ana mō ia kirokaramu o te mea maroke o te rētihi, e hiahia ana te wheketere tipu ki te 247 kW·h hei whakaputa i te 1 kg taumaha maroke o te rētihi, ā, e hiahia ana ngā whare kati kōtuhi i Huitene, i Hōrana, me te United Arab Emirates ki te 182 kW·h, 70 kW·h, me te 111 kW·h.

I taua wā anō, i roto i te wheketere tipu, mā te whakamahi i ngā rorohiko, ngā taputapu aunoa, te mātauranga horihori me ētahi atu hangarau ka taea te whakahaere tika i ngā āhuatanga taiao e tika ana mō te whakatipu purapura, te whakakore i ngā herenga o ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te whakatutuki i te whakaputanga purapura atamai, miihini me te pumau ā-tau. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakamahia ngā purapura wheketere tipu i roto i te whakaputanga arumoni o ngā huawhenua rau, huawhenua hua me ētahi atu hua ōhanga i Hapani, Kōrea ki te Tonga, Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika me ētahi atu whenua. Ko te haumitanga tuatahi nui o ngā wheketere tipu, ngā utu whakahaere nui, me te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao pūnaha tonu ngā arai e whakawhāiti ana i te whakatairanga i te hangarau whakatipu purapura i roto i ngā wheketere tipu Haina. Nō reira, me whai whakaaro ki ngā whakaritenga o te hua nui me te penapena pūngao e pā ana ki ngā rautaki whakahaere mārama, te whakatūnga o ngā tauira tipu huawhenua, me ngā taputapu aunoa hei whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga.

I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka arotakehia te awe o te taiao rama LED ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu huawhenua i roto i ngā wheketere tipu i ngā tau tata nei, me te tirohanga ki te huarahi rangahau o te whakahaere māramatanga o ngā tipu huawhenua i roto i ngā wheketere tipu.

1. Ngā Pānga o te Taiao Mārama ki te Tipu me te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Tipu Huawhenua

Hei tētahi o ngā āhuatanga taiao nui mō te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu, ehara i te mea he puna pūngao anake te mārama mō ngā tipu ki te whakahaere i te photosynthesis, engari he tohu matua hoki e pā ana ki te photomorphogenesis o ngā tipu. Ka rongo ngā tipu i te ahunga, te pūngao me te kounga o te mārama o te tohu mā te pūnaha tohu mārama, ka whakahaere i ō rātou ake tipu me te whanaketanga, ā, ka aro atu ki te aroaro, te ngaro rānei, te roanga ngaru, te kaha me te roa o te mārama. Ko ngā photoreceptor tipu e mōhiotia ana i tēnei wā ko te iti rawa e toru ngā akomanga: ngā phytochrome (PHYA~PHYE) e rongo ana i te mārama whero me te mārama whero-matara (FR), ngā cryptochrome (CRY1 me CRY2) e rongo ana i te kikorangi me te ultraviolet A, me ngā Elements (Phot1 me Phot2), te UV-B receptor UVR8 e rongo ana i te UV-B. Ka whai wāhi atu ēnei photoreceptor ki roto, ka whakahaere hoki i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira e pā ana, kātahi ka whakahaere i ngā mahi ora pēnei i te whakatipu purapura tipu, te photomorphogenesis, te wā pua, te hanganga me te kohikohinga o ngā metabolites tuarua, me te manawanui ki ngā ahotea koiora me te kore koiora.

2. Te awe o te taiao rama LED ki te whakatūnga whakaahua o ngā tipu huawhenua

2.1 Ngā Pānga o te Kounga Mārama Rerekē ki te Whakaahua-whakaahua o ngā Tipu Huawhenua

He nui te whai huatanga matū o ngā rohe whero me te kikorangi o te whānuitanga o te hihi irahiko mō te whakaahua o ngā rau tipu. Heoi, ko te roa o te wā e pāngia ai ngā rau kūkamo e te mārama whero parakore ka kino te pūnaha whakaahua, ka hua ake te āhuatanga o te "mate mārama whero" pērā i te korenga o te urupare o te stomatal, te hekenga o te kaha whakaahua me te whai huatanga o te whakamahi hauota, me te whakaroa i te tipu. I raro i te āhua o te kaha mārama iti (100±5 μmol/(m2•s)), ka taea e te mārama whero parakore te kino i ngā chloroplast o ngā rau taitamariki me ngā rau pakeke o te kūkamo, engari i whakahokia mai ngā chloroplast kua pakaru i muri i te whakawhiti mai i te mārama whero parakore ki te mārama whero me te kikorangi (R:B= 7:3). I te rerekētanga, i te wā i huri ai ngā tipu kūkamo mai i te taiao mārama whero-kikorangi ki te taiao mārama whero parakore, kāore i tino heke te whai huatanga whakaahua, e whakaatu ana i te urutau ki te taiao mārama whero. Mā te tātaritanga karu hikohiko o te hanganga rau o ngā tipu kūkamo me te "mate rama whero", i kitea e ngā kaiwhakamātautau he iti iho te maha o ngā chloroplast, te rahi o ngā kirikiri māngaro, me te matotoru o te grana i roto i ngā rau i raro i te rama whero parakore i ērā i raro i te maimoatanga rama mā. Mā te wawaotanga o te rama kikorangi ka whakapai ake i te hanganga ultra me ngā āhuatanga photosynthesis o ngā chloroplast kūkamo, ā, ka whakakore i te nui o te kohikohinga o ngā matūkai. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rama mā me te rama whero me te rama kikorangi, i whakatairanga te rama whero parakore i te roa o te hypocotyl me te whānui o ngā cotyledon o ngā tipu tōmato, i whakanui ake i te teitei o te tipu me te horahanga rau, engari i whakaitihia te kaha photosynthesis, i whakaitihia te ihirangi Rubisco me te whai huatanga photochemical, ā, i whakanuia te marara wera. Ka kitea he rerekē te urupare a ngā momo tipu rerekē ki te kounga rama kotahi, engari ki te whakatauritea ki te rama kotahi-tae, he nui ake te whai huatanga photosynthesis o ngā tipu me te tipu kaha ake i roto i te taiao o te rama whakauru.

He nui ngā rangahau a ngā kairangahau mō te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mārama o ngā tipu huawhenua. I raro i te kaha o te mārama, me te pikinga o te ōwehenga o te mārama whero, i tino pai ake te teitei o te tipu me te taumaha hou o ngā tipu tōmato me te kūkamo, ā, ko te maimoatanga me te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi o te 3:1 te hua pai rawa atu; i te rerekē, ko te ōwehenga teitei o te mārama kikorangi i aukati i te tipu o ngā tipu tōmato me te kūkamo, he poto, he kiato, engari i whakanui ake i te nui o te mea maroke me te chlorophyll i roto i ngā wana o ngā tipu. Ka kitea ngā tauira rite i roto i ētahi atu hua, pērā i te pepa me te merengi. Hei tāpiri, ki te whakataurite ki te mārama mā, ko te mārama whero me te kikorangi (R:B=3:1) ehara i te mea i tino pai ake te matotoru o te rau, te nui o te chlorophyll, te pai o te whakaahua me te pai o te whakawhiti irahiko o ngā tipu tōmato, engari i ngā taumata whakaputa o ngā whākōkī e pā ana ki te huringa Calvin, i tino pai ake hoki te nui o te tipu huawhenua me te kohikohinga warowaihā. Mā te whakataurite i ngā ōwehenga e rua o te mārama whero me te kikorangi (R:B=2:1, 4:1), he pai ake te ōwehenga o te mārama kikorangi ki te whakaoho i te hanganga o ngā pua uwha i roto i ngā tipu kūkamo, ā, i tere ake te wā pua o ngā pua uwha. Ahakoa kāore he pānga nui o ngā ōwehenga rerekē o te mārama whero me te kikorangi ki te taumaha hou o te kāreti, te arugula, me te māti, he nui te ōwehenga o te mārama kikorangi (30% te mārama kikorangi) i whakaiti i te roa o te hypocotyl me te horahanga cotyledon o ngā tipu kāreti me te māti, i te mea ka hohonu ake te tae o te cotyledon. Nō reira, i roto i te whakaputanga o ngā tipu, mā te whakanui tika i te ōwehenga o te mārama kikorangi ka taea te whakapoto i te tawhiti o ngā pona me te horahanga rau o ngā tipu huawhenua, te whakatairanga i te toronga taha o ngā tipu, me te whakapai ake i te taupū kaha tipu, e pai ana mō te whakatipu tipu pakari. I raro i te āhuatanga ka noho tonu te kaha o te mārama, mā te whakanui ake i te mārama kakariki i roto i te mārama whero me te kikorangi ka pai ake te taumaha hou, te horahanga rau me te teitei o te tipu o ngā tipu pepa reka. Ki te whakataurite ki te rama rama mā tuku iho, i raro i ngā āhuatanga mārama whero-kakariki-kikorangi (R3:G2:B5), i tino pai ake te Y[II], qP me te ETR o ngā tipu tōmato 'Okagi Nama 1'. Nā te tāpiritanga o te mārama UV (100 μmol/(m2•s) mārama kikorangi + 7% UV-A) ki te mārama kikorangi parakore i tino whakaiti i te tere whakaroa o te kakau o te arugula me te māti, engari ko te tāpiritanga o te FR he ritenga kē. E whakaatu ana hoki tēnei, i tua atu i te mārama whero me te kikorangi, he mea nui anō hoki ētahi atu āhuatanga mārama ki te tukanga tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu. Ahakoa ehara te mārama ultraviolet me te FR i te pūtake pūngao o te photosynthesis, e rua ngā mea e whai wāhi ana ki te photomorphogenesis o te tipu. He kino te mārama UV kaha ki te DNA me ngā pūmua tipu, me ētahi atu. Heoi, ka whakahohe te mārama UV i ngā urupare ahotea pūtau, ka puta he huringa ki te tipu, te āhua me te whanaketanga o te tipu kia urutau ki ngā huringa taiao. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te iti o te R/FR ka puta he urupare karo atarangi i roto i ngā tipu, ka puta he huringa āhua i roto i ngā tipu, pērā i te whakaroa o te kakau, te angiangi o te rau, me te whakaiti i te hua o te mea maroke. Ehara te kakau kikokore i te āhuatanga pai mō te whakatipu tipu kaha. Mō ngā tipu huawhenua rau me ngā tipu hua, kāore ngā tipu pakari, kiato, ngāwari hoki e raru i te wā e kawe ana, e whakato ana rānei.

Ka taea e te UV-A te whakapoto me te whakawhāiti i ngā tipu tipu kūkamo, ā, kāore te hua i muri i te whakatō i tino rerekē i tērā o te mana whakahaere; ko te UV-B he pānga aukati nui ake, ā, kāore te pānga whakaiti hua i muri i te whakatō i tino nui. Kua whakaarohia e ngā rangahau o mua ko te UV-A te aukati i te tipu o ngā tipu, ā, ka whakaiti i te tipu. Engari kei te piki haere ngā taunakitanga e whakatairanga ana te noho o te UV-A, hei utu mō te pehi i te koiora hua, i te mea. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mārama whero me te mā taketake (R:W=2:3, ko te PPFD he 250 μmol/(m2·s)), ko te kaha tāpiri i roto i te mārama whero me te mā he 10 W/m2 (tata ki te 10 μmol/(m2·s)). Nā te UV-A o te kāreti i whakanui ake te koiora, te roa o te internode, te whānui o te kakau me te whānui o te tuanui tipu o ngā tipu kāreti, engari i ngoikore te pānga whakatairanga i te neke atu o te kaha UV i te 10 W/m2. Mā te tāpiritanga UV-A mō ngā haora 2 o ia rā (0.45 J/(m2•s)) ka nui ake te whakanui i te teitei o te tipu, te horahanga o te cotyledon me te taumaha hou o ngā tipu tōmato 'Oxheart', me te whakaiti anō hoki i te nui o te H2O2 o ngā tipu tōmato. Ka kitea he rerekē te urupare a ngā hua rerekē ki te mārama UV, e pā ana pea ki te aro o ngā hua ki te mārama UV.

Mō te whakatipu tipu kua honoa, me whakanui ake te roa o te kākano kia pai ai te hono i te pūtake. He rerekē ngā pānga o te FR ki te tipu o ngā tipu tōmato, pepa, kūkamo, hue me te merengi i ngā kaha rerekē. Nā te tāpiritanga o te 18.9 μmol/(m2•s) o te FR i roto i te mārama mātao i whakanui ake i te roa o te hypocotyl me te diameter o te kākano o ngā tipu tōmato me te pepa; ko te FR o te 34.1 μmol/(m2•s) te pānga pai ki te whakatairanga i te roa o te hypocotyl me te diameter o te kākano o ngā tipu kūkamo, hue me te merengi; ko te FR kaha-nui (53.4 μmol/(m2•s)) te pānga pai ki ēnei huawhenua e rima. Kāore i tino piki ake te roa o te hypocotyl me te diameter o te kākano o ngā tipu, ā, ka tīmata te whakaatu i te ia o raro. He tino heke te taumaha hou o ngā tipu pepa, e tohu ana ko ngā uara kukū FR o ngā tipu huawhenua e rima he iti iho i te 53.4 μmol/(m2•s), ā, he iti iho te uara FR i tō te FR. He rerekē anō hoki ngā pānga ki te tipu o ngā tipu huawhenua rerekē.

2.2 Ngā Pānga o ngā Rerekētanga o te Ao Whānui ki te Whakaahua-whakaahua o ngā Tipu Huawhenua

Ko te Whakapūmautanga o te Ao (DLI) e tohu ana i te tapeke o ngā photon photosynthetic i whiwhihia e te mata o te tipu i te rā, e pā ana ki te kaha o te mārama me te wā mārama. Ko te tātai tatau ko DLI (mol/m2/rā) = kaha o te mārama [μmol/(m2•s)] × Wā mārama o ia rā (h) × 3600 × 10-6. I roto i te taiao he iti te kaha o te mārama, ka aro atu ngā tipu ki te taiao iti te mārama mā te whakaroa i te roa o te kakau me te internode, te whakanui ake i te teitei o te tipu, te roa o te petiole me te horahanga rau, me te whakaiti i te matotoru o te rau me te tere photosynthesis kupenga. I te pikinga ake o te kaha o te mārama, engari ko te māti, ka tino heke te roa o te hypocotyl me te whakaroa o te kakau o ngā tipu arugula, kāpeti me te kale i raro i te kounga mārama kotahi. Ka kitea ko te pānga o te mārama ki te tipu me te morphogenesis o te tipu e pā ana ki te kaha o te mārama me ngā momo tipu. I te pikinga ake o te DLI (8.64~28.8 mol/m2/rā), ka poto, ka kaha, ka kiato te momo tipu o ngā tipu kūkamo, ā, ka heke haere te taumaha rau me te ihirangi chlorophyll. I muri i te 6 ki te 16 ngā rā i muri i te rui i ngā tipu kūkamo, ka maroke ngā rau me ngā pakiaka. Ka piki haere te taumaha, ā, ka tere haere te tipu, engari i muri i te 16 ki te 21 ngā rā i muri i te rui, ka tino heke te tere tipu o ngā rau me ngā pakiaka o ngā tipu kūkamo. Nā te whakanui ake i te DLI i whakatairanga i te tere whakaahua kupenga o ngā tipu kūkamo, engari i muri i tētahi uara, ka tīmata te heke o te tere whakaahua kupenga. Nō reira, mā te whiriwhiri i te DLI tika me te whakamahi i ngā rautaki mārama tāpiri rerekē i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē o ngā tipu ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko. Ka piki ake te nui o te huka wairewa me te whākōkī SOD i roto i ngā tipu kūkamo me te tōmato me te pikinga o te kaha DLI. I te pikinga o te kaha DLI mai i te 7.47 mol/m2/rā ki te 11.26 mol/m2/rā, ka piki ake te nui o te huka wairewa me te whākōkī SOD i roto i ngā tipu kūkamo mā te 81.03%, me te 55.5% ia. I raro i ngā āhuatanga DLI ōrite, me te pikinga ake o te kaha o te mārama me te whakapoto i te wā mārama, i aukatia te mahi PSII o ngā tipu tōmato me te kūkamo, ā, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi rautaki mārama tāpiri o te kaha iti o te mārama me te roa o te wā he pai ake mō te whakatipu i te taupū tipu teitei me te whai huatanga whakaahua matū o ngā tipu kūkamo me te tōmato.

I roto i te whakaputanga o ngā tipu kua honoa, ka heke pea te kounga o ngā tipu kua honoa, ā, ka roa ake te wā whakaora i te taiao iti o te mārama. Ehara i te mea ka taea e te kaha o te mārama tika te whakarei ake i te kaha here o te wāhi whakaora kua honoa, me te whakapai ake i te taupū o ngā tipu kaha, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te tūnga o ngā pūnga o ngā pua uwha me te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā pua uwha. I roto i ngā wheketere tipu, he nui te DLI o te 2.5-7.5 mol/m2/rā hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakaora o ngā tipu tōmato kua honoa. I tino piki ake te kiato me te matotoru o ngā rau o ngā tipu tōmato kua honoa me te pikinga o te kaha DLI. E whakaatu ana tēnei kāore e hiahiatia e ngā tipu kua honoa te kaha nui o te mārama hei whakaora. Nō reira, mā te whakaaro ki te whakamahinga hiko me te taiao whakato, mā te whiriwhiri i te kaha mārama tika ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga.

3. Ngā pānga o te taiao rama LED ki te ātete ki te ahotea o ngā tipu huawhenua

Ka whiwhi ngā tipu i ngā tohu mārama o waho mā roto i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua, ka puta te hanga me te kohikohi i ngā ngota tohu i roto i te tipu, ka huri i te tipu me te mahi a ngā okana tipu, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete o te tipu ki te ahotea. He pānga whakatairanga te kounga mārama rerekē ki te whakapai ake i te manawanui makariri me te manawanui tote o ngā tipu. Hei tauira, i te wā i tāpirihia ai ngā tipu tōmato ki te mārama mō ngā hāora e 4 i te pō, ki te whakaritea ki te maimoatanga kāore he mārama tāpiri, ka taea e te mārama mā, te mārama whero, te mārama kikorangi, me te mārama whero me te kikorangi te whakaiti i te urunga electrolyte me te ihirangi MDA o ngā tipu tōmato, me te whakapai ake i te manawanui makariri. Ko ngā mahi a te SOD, te POD me te CAT i roto i ngā tipu tōmato i raro i te maimoatanga o te ōwehenga whero-kikorangi 8:2 he nui ake i ērā o ētahi atu maimoatanga, ā, he nui ake te kaha antioxidant me te manawanui makariri.

Ko te pānga o te UV-B ki te tipu o te pakiaka pīni soya ko te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te ahotea o te tipu mā te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o te pakiaka NO me te ROS, tae atu ki ngā ngota tohu homoni pēnei i te ABA, SA, me te JA, me te aukati i te whanaketanga o te pakiaka mā te whakaiti i te ihirangi o te IAA, CTK, me te GA. Ko te kaiwhiwhi whakaahua o te UV-B, UVR8, ehara i te mea ko te whakahaere i te whakaahua-whakaahua anake, engari he mahi nui anō hoki i roto i te ahotea UV-B. I roto i ngā tipu tōmato, ka takawaenga te UVR8 i te hanga me te kohikohi o ngā anthocyanin, ā, ko ngā tipu tōmato mohoao kua taunga ki te UV ka whakapai ake i tō rātou kaha ki te aro atu ki te ahotea UV-B kaha nui. Heoi, ko te urutau o te UV-B ki te ahotea tauraki i puta mai i te Arabidopsis kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te ara UVR8, e tohu ana ko te UV-B he urupare whakawhiti i puta mai i te tohu o ngā tikanga tiaki tipu, kia uru tahi ai ngā momo homoni ki te ātete i te ahotea tauraki, ka whakanui ake i te kaha ki te kohi ROS.

Ko te roa o te tipu hypocotyl, te kakau rānei i puta mai i te FR me te urutaunga o ngā tipu ki te ahotea makariri e whakahaeretia ana e ngā homoni tipu. Nō reira, ko te "pānga karo atarangi" i puta mai i te FR e pā ana ki te urutaunga makariri o ngā tipu. I tāpirihia e ngā kaiwhakamātautau ngā tipu parei i ngā rā 18 i muri i te whakatipu i te 15°C mō ngā rā 10, me te whakamatao ki te 5°C + tāpiri FR mō ngā rā 7, ā, i kitea i te whakataurite ki te maimoatanga mārama mā, i whakanui ake te FR i te ātete huka o ngā tipu parei. Ka haere tahi tēnei tukanga me te pikinga o te ihirangi ABA me te IAA i roto i ngā tipu parei. Ko te whakawhiti i muri mai o ngā tipu parei i mua i te FR i te 15°C ki te 5°C me te tāpiri tonu i te FR mō ngā rā 7 i hua ake ai ngā hua rite ki ngā maimoatanga e rua i runga ake nei, engari he iti ake te urupare ABA. Ko ngā tipu me ngā uara R:FR rerekē e whakahaere ana i te hanga koiora o ngā phytohormones (GA, IAA, CTK, me te ABA), e whai wāhi ana hoki ki te manawanui tote tipu. I raro i te ahotea tote, ka taea e te taiao mārama R:FR ōwehenga iti te whakapai ake i te kaha ārai-mate me te kaha whakaahua o ngā tipu tōmato, te whakaiti i te whakaputanga o te ROS me te MDA i roto i ngā tipu, me te whakapai ake i te manawanui ki te tote. I aukati te ahotea tote me te uara R:FR iti (R:FR=0.8) i te hanga koiora o te chlorophyll, e pā ana pea ki te aukati i te huringa o te PBG ki te UroIII i roto i te ara hanga chlorophyll, i te mea ka taea e te taiao R:FR iti te whakaiti i te tote. Ko te ngoikore o te hanga chlorophyll i puta mai i te ahotea e tohuhia ana e te ahotea. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hononga nui i waenga i ngā phytochrome me te manawanui ki te tote.

Haunga te taiao mārama, ka pāngia hoki te tipu me te kounga o ngā tipu huawhenua e ētahi atu āhuatanga taiao. Hei tauira, mā te pikinga o te kukū CO2 ka piki ake te uara mōrahi o te māramatanga Pn (Pnmax), ka whakaiti i te pūwāhi whakaea mārama, ka whakapai ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga mārama. Mā te pikinga o te kaha o te mārama me te kukū CO2 ka āwhina ki te whakapai ake i te ihirangi o ngā tae whakaahua, te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai me ngā mahi a ngā whākōkī e pā ana ki te huringa Calvin, ā, hei whakamutunga ka eke ki te whai huatanga whakaahua me te kohikohinga koiora teitei ake o ngā tipu tōmato. He hononga pai te taumaha maroke me te kiato o ngā tipu tōmato me te pepa ki te DLI, ā, i pā anō hoki te huringa o te pāmahana ki te tipu i raro i te maimoatanga DLI kotahi. He pai ake te taiao 23~25℃ mō te tipu o ngā tipu tōmato. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me te mārama, i whakawhanakehia e ngā kairangahau he tikanga hei matapae i te tere tipu whanaunga o te pepa i runga i te tauira tohatoha bate, ka taea te whakarato aratohu pūtaiao mō te whakahaere taiao o te whakaputa tipu pepa kua honoa.

Nō reira, i te wā e hoahoa ana i tētahi kaupapa whakahaere mārama i roto i te whakaputanga, ehara i te mea ko ngā āhuatanga taiao mārama me ngā momo tipu anake me whai whakaaro, engari me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā āhuatanga whakatipu me te whakahaere pēnei i te kai me te whakahaere wai o te tipu, te taiao hau, te pāmahana, me te wāhanga tipu o te tipu o te tipu.

4. Ngā Raru me ngā Tirohanga

Tuatahi, he tukanga uaua te whakahaere i te māramatanga o ngā tipu huawhenua, ā, me tātari taipitopito ngā pānga o ngā āhuatanga mārama rerekē ki ngā momo tipu huawhenua rerekē i roto i te taiao wheketere tipu. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te whakaputa tipu tino whai hua me te kounga teitei, me tūhura tonu kia whakatūria he pūnaha hangarau pakari.

Tuarua, ahakoa he nui te tere o te whakamahinga hiko o te pūtake rama LED, ko te whakamahinga hiko mō te whakamārama tipu te mea nui e whakamahia ana mō te whakatipu tipu mā te whakamahi i te rama horihori. Ko te nui o te whakamahinga hiko o ngā wheketere tipu tonu te aukati e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o ngā wheketere tipu.

Hei whakamutunga, me te whānui o te whakamahinga o te rama tipu i roto i te ahuwhenua, e matapaetia ana ka tino heke te utu o ngā rama tipu LED a meake nei; engari, ko te pikinga o ngā utu mahi, inā koa i te wā i muri i te mate urutā, ko te kore o ngā kaimahi ka whakatairanga i te tukanga miihini me te aunoatanga o te whakaputa. A meake nei, ko ngā tauira whakahaere e ahu mai ana i te matauranga horihori me ngā taputapu whakaputa atamai ka noho hei tetahi o ngā hangarau matua mō te whakaputa tipu huawhenua, ā, ka haere tonu ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te hangarau tipu wheketere.

Kaituhi: Jiehui Tan, Houcheng Liu
Pūtake tuhinga: Pūkete Wechat mō te Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua (māra whare kati kōtuhi)