Te hangarau hangarau ahuwhenua o te māra kati kōtuhi I whakaputaina ki Beijing i te 17:30 i te 13 o Hānuere, 2023.

Ko te mimiti o te nuinga o ngā matūkai he tukanga e pā tata ana ki ngā mahi pākia o ngā pakiaka tipu. Me whai pūngao ēnei tukanga e puta mai i te manawa o ngā pūtau pakiaka, ā, ka whakahaeretia hoki te mimiti wai e te pāmahana me te manawa, ā, me whai wāhi te manawa ki te hāora, nō reira he pānga nui te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka ki te tipu noa o ngā hua. Ka pāngia te nui o te hāora rewa i roto i te wai e te pāmahana me te tote, ā, ko te hanganga o te papa te mea e whakatau ana i te nui o te hau i roto i te taiao pakiaka. He rerekētanga nui te whakamakuku i roto i te whakahoutanga me te tāpiri i te nui o te hāora i roto i ngā papa me ngā āhua wai rerekē. He maha ngā āhuatanga hei whakapai ake i te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka, engari he rerekē te nui o te awe o ia āhuatanga. Ko te pupuri i te kaha pupuri wai o te papa (te nui o te hau) te kaupapa matua o te pupuri i te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka.

Ngā pānga o te pāmahana me te tote ki te nui o te hāora kukū i roto i te wairewa

Te nui o te hāora rewa i roto i te wai

Ka rewa te hāora rewa i roto i te hāora kore here, kore utu rānei i roto i te wai, ā, ka eke te nui o te hāora rewa i roto i te wai ki te taumata teitei rawa i tētahi pāmahana, arā, ko te nui o te hāora kukū. Ka rerekē te nui o te hāora kukū i roto i te wai i te pāmahana, ā, ina piki te pāmahana, ka heke te nui o te hāora. He nui ake te nui o te hāora kukū o te wai mārama i te nui o te wai tote (Pikitia 1), nō reira ka rerekē te nui o te hāora kukū o ngā otinga matūkai me ngā kukū rerekē.

Te kawe i te hāora i roto i te matrix

Me noho te hāora e taea ana e ngā pakiaka o ngā hua kati kōtuhi mai i te otinga matūkai i roto i te āhua kore utu, ā, me kawe te hāora i roto i te papa mā te hau, te wai, me te wai huri noa i ngā pakiaka. Ina taurite ki te nui o te hāora i roto i te hau i tētahi pāmahana kua whakaritea, ka eke te hāora rewa i roto i te wai ki te taumata teitei rawa, ā, mā te huringa o te nui o te hāora i roto i te hau ka hua ake he huringa ōrite o te nui o te hāora i roto i te wai.

Ngā pānga o te ahotea hypoxia i roto i te taiao pakiaka ki ngā hua

Ngā take o te hypoxia pakiaka

He maha ngā take e nui ake ai te mōrearea o te hypoxia i roto i ngā pūnaha hydroponics me ngā pūnaha whakatipu papa i te raumati. Tuatahi, ka heke te nui o te hāora kua mātotoru i roto i te wai i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Tuarua, ka piki ake te hāora e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i te tipu o te pakiaka i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Hei tāpiri, ka nui ake te nui o te mimiti matūkai i te raumati, nō reira ka nui ake te hiahia o te hāora mō te mimiti matūkai. Ka heke te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka, ā, ka kore he tāpiringa whai hua, ka hua ake te hypoxia i roto i te taiao pakiaka.

Te mimiti me te tipu

Ko te mimiti o te nuinga o ngā matūkai nui e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tukanga e pā tata ana ki te pākia o te pakiaka, e hiahia ana ki te pūngao e puta mai ana i te manawa o ngā pūtau pakiaka, arā, ko te pirau o ngā hua whakaahua i te aroaro o te hāora. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau e 10%~20% o ngā matūkai katoa o ngā tipu tōmato e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pakiaka, 50% o ēnei e whakamahia ana mō te mimiti i ngā katote matūkai, 40% mō te tipu, ā, 10% anake mō te tiaki. Me kimi e ngā pakiaka te hāora i roto i te taiao tika e tukuna ana e rātou te CO2.₂I raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic i puta mai i te hauhautanga ngoikore i roto i ngā papa me ngā hydroponics, ka pā te hypoxia ki te mimiti o te wai me ngā matūkai. Ka tere te urupare a te hypoxia ki te mimiti kaha o ngā matūkai, arā, te nitrate (NO₃^-), pāhare pākawa (K) me te phosphate (PO₄^3-), ka whakararuraru i te mimiti koretake o te konupūmā (Ca) me te konupora (Mg).

Me whai pūngao te tipu o te pakiaka tipu, me whai kukū hāora iti rawa te mahi pakiaka noa, ā, ko te kukū hāora i raro i te uara COP ka waiho hei take e whakawhāiti ana i te pākia o te pūtau pakiaka (hypoxia). Ina iti te taumata o te hāora, ka puhoi, ka mutu rānei te tipu. Mēnā ko ngā manga me ngā rau anake ka pāngia e te hypoxia hapa o te pakiaka, ka taea e te pūnaha pakiaka te utu mō te wāhanga o te pūnaha pakiaka kua kore e mahi mō tētahi take mā te whakanui ake i te mimiti ā-rohe.

Ko te tikanga pākia o te tipu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hāora hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko. Ki te kore he hāora, ka mutu te hanga ATP. Ki te kore he ATP, ka mutu te rere o ngā porotana mai i ngā pakiaka, ka waikawa te wai o ngā pūtau pakiaka, ā, ka mate ēnei pūtau i roto i ētahi haora. E kore te hypoxia rangitahi me te wā poto e puta ai te ahotea kai kore e taea te hoki ki roto i ngā tipu. Nā te tikanga "manawa nitrate", he urutaunga wā poto pea hei whakatau i te hypoxia hei huarahi kē atu i te wā o te hypoxia pakiaka. Heoi, mā te hypoxia roa ka puhoi te tipu, ka heke te horahanga rau, ka heke te taumaha hou me te taumaha maroke, ka heke te hua o te hua.

Etirena

Ka hangaia e ngā tipu te ethylene i tōna wāhi i raro i te nui o te ahotea. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tangohia te ethylene mai i ngā pakiaka mā te horapa ki te hau o te oneone. Ina pā te wai, ehara i te mea ka piki ake te hanganga o te ethylene, engari ka tino whakaitihia hoki te horapa nā te mea kua karapotia ngā pakiaka e te wai. Mā te pikinga ake o te kukū o te ethylene ka hua ake he kiko hau i roto i ngā pakiaka (Pikitia 2). Ka taea hoki e te ethylene te whakararu i ngā rau, ā, mā te taunekeneke i waenga i te ethylene me te auxin ka nui ake te hanganga o ngā pakiaka hou.

Ka heke te tipu o te rau i te ahotea o te hāora

Ka puta te ABA i roto i ngā pakiaka me ngā rau hei aro atu ki ngā taumahatanga taiao. I roto i te taiao pakiaka, ko te urupare noa ki te taumahatanga ko te katinga o te stoma, arā, ko te hanganga o te ABA. I mua i te katinga o ngā stoma, ka ngaro te pēhanga pupuhi o te tihi o te tipu, ka memeha ngā rau o runga, ā, ka heke pea te pai o te whakaahua. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ko te urupare a ngā stoma ki te pikinga o te kukū ABA i roto i te apoplast mā te katinga, arā, ko te katoa o te ABA i roto i ngā rau kore mā te tuku i te ABA ā-roto, ka taea e ngā tipu te whakanui ake i te kukū o te apoplast ABA i roto i te tere rawa. Ina pāngia ngā tipu e te taumahatanga taiao, ka tīmata rātou ki te tuku i te ABA ki roto i ngā pūtau, ā, ka taea te tuku i te tohu tuku pakiaka i roto i ngā meneti kaua ki ngā hāora. Mā te pikinga o te ABA i roto i te kiko rau ka whakaiti i te roa o te pakitara pūtau, ka heke hoki te roa o te rau. Ko tētahi atu pānga o te hypoxia ko te whakapoto i te roanga o te ora o ngā rau, ka pā ki ngā rau katoa. Ko te hypoxia te tikanga ka heke te kawe cytokinin me te nitrate. Mā te kore o te hauota, te kore rānei o te sitokinin ka whakapotoa te wā tiaki i te horahanga o ngā rau, ā, ka mutu te tipu o ngā manga me ngā rau i roto i ētahi rā torutoru.

Te whakapai ake i te taiao hāora o te pūnaha pakiaka o te hua

He mea nui ngā āhuatanga o te papa whenua mō te tohatoha o te wai me te hāora. Ko te kukū hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka o ngā huawhenua kati kōtuhi e pā ana ki te kaha pupuri wai o te papa whenua, te whakamakuku (rahi me te auau), te hanganga o te papa whenua me te pāmahana o te rīpene papa whenua. Mēnā kei runga ake i te 10% (4~5mg/L) te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka, ka taea te pupuri i te mahi pakiaka ki te āhua pai rawa atu.

He mea tino nui te pūnaha pakiaka o ngā hua mō te tipu o ngā tipu me te ātete ki ngā mate o ngā tipu. Ka mimitihia te wai me ngā matūkai i runga i ngā hiahia o ngā tipu. Heoi, ko te taumata hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka te mea nui e whakatau ana i te pai o te mimiti o ngā matūkai me te wai me te kounga o te pūnaha pakiaka. Mā te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka ka taea te whakarite i te hauora o te pūnaha pakiaka, kia pai ake ai te ātete o ngā tipu ki ngā moroiti mate (Pikitia 3). Mā te nui o te hāora i roto i te papa ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ā, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā moroiti mate.

Te whakamahinga hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka

Ko te nui rawa o te hāora e pau ana i ngā hua ka eke ki te 40mg/m2/h (ko te nui o te hāora e pau ana i ngā hua ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā hua). I runga i te pāmahana, ka taea e te wai whakamakuku te whakauru ki te 7~8mg/L o te hāora (Pikitia 4). Hei whakatutuki i te 40 mg, me hoatu he 5L o te wai i ia hāora hei whakatutuki i te hiahia hāora, engari ko te mea pono, kāore pea e taea te whakatutuki i te nui o te whakamakuku i te rā kotahi. Ko te tikanga he iti noa te mahi a te hāora e tukuna ana e te whakamakuku. Ko te nuinga o te tuku hāora ka tae ki te rohe pakiaka mā roto i ngā pū i roto i te matrix, ā, ko te takoha o te tuku hāora mā roto i ngā pū he teitei ki te 90%, i runga i te wā o te rā. Ina tae te mimiti o ngā tipu ki te mōrahi, ka tae hoki te nui o te whakamakuku ki te mōrahi, he rite ki te 1~1.5L/m2/h. Mena kei roto i te wai whakamakuku he 7mg/L hāora, ka whakaratohia he 7~11mg/m2/h hāora mō te rohe pakiaka. He rite tēnei ki te 17%~25% o te hiahia. Ae, e pā anake tēnei ki te āhuatanga ka whakakapia te wai whakamakuku rawakore-hāora i roto i te papa ki te wai whakamakuku hou.

Haunga te kai o ngā pakiaka, ka kai anō hoki ngā moroiti i roto i te taiao pakiaka i te hāora. He uaua ki te ine i tēnei nā te mea kāore anō kia inehia tēnei āhuatanga. Nā te mea ka whakakapia ngā papa hou i ia tau, ka taea te kī he iti noa te wāhi e whai wāhi ana ngā moroiti ki te kai hāora.

Whakapai ake i te pāmahana taiao o ngā pakiaka

He mea tino nui te pāmahana taiao o te pūnaha pakiaka mō te tipu me te mahi noa o te pūnaha pakiaka, ā, he mea nui anō hoki e pā ana ki te mimiti o te wai me ngā matūkai e te pūnaha pakiaka.

Ka uaua pea te mimiti wai i te pāmahana o te papa oneone (te pāmahana o te pakiaka) i te iti rawa o te pāmahana. I te 5℃, ka 70%~80% te iti iho o te mimiti i te 20℃. Mēnā ka haere tahi te pāmahana iti o te papa oneone me te pāmahana teitei, ka memenge te tipu. Ko te mimiti iona e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana, ka aukati i te mimiti iona i te pāmahana iti, ā, he rerekē te aro o ngā matūkai rerekē ki te pāmahana.

Kāore hoki he hua o te pāmahana papa whenua teitei rawa, ā, ka nui rawa te pūnaha pakiaka. Arā, he kore taurite te tohatoha o te mea maroke i roto i ngā tipu. Nā te mea he nui rawa te pūnaha pakiaka, ka ngaro ngā mea koretake mā te manawa, ā, ko tēnei wāhanga o te pūngao ngaro kua whakamahia pea mō te wāhanga hauhake o te tipu. I te pāmahana papa whenua teitei ake, he iti ake te nui o te hāora rewa, he nui ake te pānga ki te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka i te hāora e kainga ana e ngā moroiti. He nui te hāora e kainga ana e te pūnaha pakiaka, ā, ka puta te hypoxia mēnā he ngoikore te hanganga papa whenua, oneone rānei, ā, ka whakaitihia te mimiti o te wai me ngā katote.

Kia mau tonu te kaha pupuri wai o te matihao.

He hononga kino kei waenganui i te nui o te wai me te ōrau o te hāora i roto i te matrix. Ina piki te nui o te wai, ka heke te nui o te hāora, ā, ka pērā anō hoki. He awhe nui kei waenganui i te nui o te wai me te hāora i roto i te matrix, arā, 80%~85% te nui o te wai (Pikitia 5). Mēnā ka roa te pupuri i te nui o te wai i runga ake i te 85% i roto i te papa, ka pā ki te tuku hāora. Ko te nuinga o te tuku hāora (75%~90%) kei roto i ngā pūwero i roto i te matrix.

Tāpiritanga o te whakamakuku ki te nui o te hāora i roto i te papa

Mā te nui ake o te rā ka nui ake te whakamahinga hāora, ka iti ake te kukū hāora i roto i ngā pakiaka (Pikitia 6), ā, mā te nui ake o te huka ka nui ake te whakamahinga hāora i te pō. He kaha te mimiti, he nui te mimiti wai, ā, he nui ake te hau, he nui ake te hāora i roto i te papa. Ka kitea mai i te taha maui o te Pikitia 7 ka paku piki ake te nui o te hāora i roto i te papa i muri i te whakamakuku i raro i te āhuatanga he nui te kaha pupuri wai o te papa, ā, he tino iti te nui o te hau. E ai ki te whakaaturanga i te taha matau o te pikitia 7, i raro i te āhuatanga o te māramatanga pai ake, ka piki ake te nui o te hau i roto i te papa nā te nui ake o te mimiti wai (ngā wā whakamakuku ōrite). Ko te awe whanaunga o te whakamakuku ki te nui o te hāora i roto i te papa he iti iho i te kaha pupuri wai (te nui o te hau) i roto i te papa.

Kōrerohia

I roto i te mahi whakaputa hua, e ngāwari ana te wareware ki te nui o te hāora (hau) i roto i te taiao pakiaka o te hua, engari he mea nui tēnei hei whakarite i te tipu noa o ngā hua me te whanaketanga hauora o ngā pakiaka.

Hei whakatutuki i te hua nui rawa atu i te wā e whakaputa ana i ngā hua, he mea tino nui te tiaki i te taiao o te pūnaha pakiaka i roto i te āhua pai rawa atu. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te O₂ka pā kino te ihirangi i roto i te taiao pūnaha pakiaka ki te tipu o te hua. Ko te O₂Ko te nui o te wai i roto i te taiao pakiaka ka pāngia nuitia e te whakamakuku (te nui me te auau o te whakamakuku), te hanganga o te papa, te nui o te wai o te papa, te pāmahana o te whare kati kōtuhi me te papa, ā, ka rerekē ngā tauira whakato rerekē. He hononga anō tō te rimurimu me ngā moroiti ki te nui o te hāora i roto i te taiao pakiaka o ngā hua hydroponic. Ehara i te mea ka puhoi noa te whanaketanga o ngā tipu i te korenga o te hāora, engari ka piki ake hoki te pēhanga o ngā mate pakiaka (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) ki te tipu o te pakiaka.

He nui te pānga o te rautaki whakamakuku ki te O₂te nui o te wai i roto i te papa, ā, he huarahi whakahaere ake hoki i roto i te tukanga whakato. Kua kitea e ētahi rangahau whakato rōhi mā te whakanui mārire i te nui o te wai i roto i te papa (i te ata) ka pai ake te āhua o te hāora. I roto i te papa he iti te kaha pupuri wai, ka taea e te papa te pupuri i te nui o te hāora, ā, i te wa ano, me karo i te rerekētanga o te nui o te wai i waenga i ngā papa mā te auau whakamakuku teitei ake me te wā poto ake. Ko te iti o te kaha pupuri wai o ngā papa, ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā papa. Ko te papa makuku, te auau whakamakuku iti ake me te wā roa ake ka whakarite kia nui ake te whakakapinga hau me ngā āhuatanga hāora pai.

Ko te rerenga wai o te papa whenua tētahi atu āhuatanga e whai pānga nui ana ki te tere whakahou me te pikinga kukū hāora i roto i te papa whenua, i runga i te momo me te kaha pupuri wai o te papa whenua. Kaua te wai whakamakuku e noho roa ki raro i te papa whenua, engari me tuku wawe kia taea ai e te wai whakamakuku hou kua whai hāora te tae anō ki raro i te papa whenua. Ka taea te awe i te tere rerenga wai e ētahi inenga ngāwari, pērā i te pikinga o te papa whenua i ngā ahunga roa me te whānui. Ko te nui ake o te pikinga, ko te tere ake o te rerenga wai. He rerekē ngā whakatuwheratanga o ngā papa whenua rerekē, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te maha o ngā putanga.

MUTUNGA

[mōhiohio tohutoro]

Xie Yuanpei. Ngā pānga o te nui o te hāora taiao i roto i ngā pakiaka hua kati kōtuhi ki te tipu o te hua [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):21-24.