Te hangarau hangarau ahuwhenua māra whare kati kōtuhiI whakaputaina i te 17:30 i te 14 o Oketopa, 2022 i Beijing

I te pikinga tonu o te taupori o te ao, kei te piki haere te hiahia o te tangata mō te kai i ia rā, i ia rā, ā, kei te piki haere ngā whakaritenga mō te kai totika me te haumaru o te kai. He huarahi nui te whakatipu i ngā hua nui me te kounga teitei hei whakaoti rapanga kai. Heoi, he roa te wā e pau ana i te tikanga whakatipu tuku iho ki te whakatipu i ngā momo pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te ahunga whakamua o te whakatipu. Mō ngā hua e whakaputa ana i te hae i ia tau, ka roa pea te 10 ki te 15 tau mai i te whakawhiti matua tuatahi ki te whakaputa i tētahi momo hou. Nō reira, hei tere ake i te ahunga whakamua o te whakatipu hua, he mea nui kia whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakatipu me te whakapoto i te wā whakatipu.

Ko te tikanga o te whakatipu tere ko te whakanui ake i te tere o te tipu o ngā tipu, te whakateretere i te pua me te hua, me te whakapoto i te huringa whakatipu mā te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga taiao i roto i te rūma whakatipu taiao kua kati katoa. Ko te wheketere tipu he pūnaha ahuwhenua ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakaputa hua tino pai mā te whakahaere taiao tino tika i roto i ngā whare, ā, he taiao pai mō te whakatipu tere. Ko ngā āhuatanga taiao whakato pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te haumākū me te kukū CO2 i roto i te wheketere he mea whakahaere noa iho, ā, kāore e pāngia, e iti iho rānei te pānga o te āhuarangi o waho. I raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao kua whakahaeretia, ko te kaha mārama pai rawa atu, te wā mārama me te pāmahana ka taea te whakateretere i ngā tukanga ā-tinana o ngā tipu, inā koa te whakaahua-whakaahua me te pua, ā, ka whakapoto i te wā whakaputa o te tipu hua. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau wheketere tipu hei whakahaere i te tipu me te whanaketanga o te hua, ka hauhakehia ngā hua i mua, mena ka taea e ētahi purapura he kaha ki te whakatipu te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakatipu.

Te wā whakaahua, te āhuatanga taiao matua e pā ana ki te huringa tipu o te hua

Ko te huringa mārama e pā ana ki te whakawhiti o te wā mārama me te wā pōuri i roto i te rā. He mea nui te huringa mārama e pā ana ki te tipu, te whanaketanga, te pua me te hua o ngā hua. Mā te rongo i te huringa o te huringa mārama, ka taea e ngā hua te huri mai i te tipu tipu ki te tipu uri me te pua me te hua katoa. He rerekē ngā urupare ā-tinana o ngā momo hua me ngā momo ira ki ngā huringa wā whakaahua. Ko ngā tipu roa-rā, ina neke ake te wā rā i te roa o te rā whakahirahira, ka tere ake te wā pua mā te roa o te wā whakaahua, pērā i te ōti, te witi me te parei. Ko ngā tipu kore-rā, ahakoa te wā whakaahua, ka puāwai, pērā i te raihi, te kānga me te kūkamo. Ko ngā tipu poto-rā, pērā i te miro, te pīni soya me te rai, me iti iho te wā whakaahua i te roa o te rā whakahirahira kia puāwai ai. I raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao horihori o te 8 hāora mārama me te 30℃ pāmahana teitei, ko te wā pua o te amaranth he neke atu i te 40 rā i mua atu i tērā i te taiao parae. I raro i te maimoatanga o te huringa mārama 16/8 hāora (mārama/pōuri), i puāwai wawe ngā momo parei e whitu: Franklin (36 ngā rā), Gairdner (35 ngā rā), Gimmett (33 ngā rā), Commander (30 ngā rā), Fleet (29 ngā rā), Baudin (26 ngā rā) me Lockyer (25 ngā rā).

I raro i te taiao horihori, ka taea te whakapoto i te wā tipu o te witi mā te whakamahi i te whakatipu kukune hei tiki tipu, kātahi ka whakamahanahia mō te 16 hāora, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā whakatipuranga e 8 i ia tau. I whakapotohia te wā tipu o te pī mai i te 143 rā i te taiao parae ki te 67 rā i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi horihori me te mārama 16 hāora. Mā te whakaroa ake i te wā whakaahua ki te 20 hāora me te whakakotahi i te 21°C/16°C (ao/pō), ka taea te whakapoto i te wā tipu o te pī ki te 68 rā, ā, ko te tere whakatakoto purapura he 97.8%. I raro i te āhua o te taiao whakahaeretia, i muri i te 20 hāora maimoatanga wā whakaahua, e 32 ngā rā mai i te rui ki te pua, ā, ko te wā tipu katoa he 62-71 rā, he poto ake i tērā i ngā āhuatanga parae mā te neke atu i te 30 rā. I raro i te āhua o te whare kati kōtuhi horihori me te wā whakaahua 22 hāora, ka whakapotohia te wā pua o te witi, te parei, te rēpī me te pīni kikī mā te 22, 64, 73 me te 33 rā te toharite. I te taha o te kotinga wawe o ngā purapura, ka taea e ngā tere whakatipu o ngā purapura kotinga wawe te eke ki te 92%, 98%, 89% me te 94% i te toharite, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whakatipu. Ka taea e ngā momo tere te whakaputa tonu i ngā whakatipuranga e 6 (witi) me ngā whakatipuranga e 7 (witi). I raro i te āhuatanga o te wā whakaahua 22-hāora, ka whakaitihia te wā pua o te ōti mā te 11 rā, ā, i te 21 rā i muri i te pua, ka taea te whakamana kia 5 ngā purapura ora, ā, ka taea te whakatipu tonu i ngā whakatipuranga e rima i ia tau. I roto i te whare kati kōtuhi hangai me te whakamārama 22-hāora, ka whakapotohia te wā tipu o ngā pīni ki te 115 rā, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakaputa uri mō ngā whakatipuranga e 3-4 i te tau. I raro i te āhuatanga o te whakamārama tonu 24-hāora i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi hangai, ka whakaitihia te huringa tipu o te pīnati mai i te 145 rā ki te 89 rā, ā, ka taea te whakatipu mō ngā whakatipuranga e 4 i roto i te tau kotahi.

Kounga mārama

He mea nui te mahi a te mārama ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. Ka taea e te mārama te whakahaere i te pua mā te pā ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua maha. He mea tino nui te ōwehenga o te mārama whero (R) ki te mārama kikorangi (B) mō te pua o ngā hua. Kei roto i te roanga ngaru mārama whero o te 600~700nm te tihi mimiti o te chlorophyll o te 660nm, ka taea te whakatairanga i te photosynthesis. Ka pā te roanga ngaru mārama kikorangi o te 400~500nm ki te phototropism o ngā tipu, te whakatuwheratanga o te stomata me te tipu o te tipu wana. I roto i te witi, ko te ōwehenga o te mārama whero ki te mārama kikorangi he tata ki te 1, ka taea te whakaoho i te pua i te wā wawe. I raro i te kounga mārama o te R:B=4:1, i whakapotoa te wā tipu o ngā momo pīni soya waenga me te mutunga o te pakeke mai i te 120 rā ki te 63 rā, ā, i whakaitihia te teitei o te tipu me te koiora kai, engari kāore i pāngia te hua o te purapura, ka taea te whakatutuki i te iti rawa o te kotahi purapura mō ia tipu, ā, ko te tere whakatipu toharite o ngā purapura kāore anō kia pakari he 81.7%. I raro i te whakamārama 10 hāora me te tāpiritanga o te mārama kikorangi, ka poto, ka kaha ngā tipu pīni soya, ka puāwai i roto i ngā rā 23 i muri i te rui, ka pakari i roto i ngā rā 77, ā, ka taea te whakaputa uri mō ngā whakatipuranga e 5 i roto i te tau kotahi.

Ka pā anō hoki te ōwehenga o te mārama whero ki te mārama whero tawhiti (FR) ki te puāwaitanga o ngā tipu. E rua ngā āhua o ngā tae mārama-ataata: te mimiti mārama whero tawhiti (Pfr) me te mimiti mārama whero (Pr). I te ōwehenga iti o te R:FR, ka hurihia ngā tae mārama-ataata mai i te Pfr ki te Pr, ka hua ake te puāwaitanga o ngā tipu roa-rā. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rama LED hei whakahaere i te R:FR (0.66~1.07) e tika ana ka taea te whakanui ake i te teitei o te tipu, te whakatairanga i te puāwaitanga o ngā tipu roa-rā (pērā i te morning glory me te snapdragon), me te aukati i te puāwaitanga o ngā tipu poto-rā (pērā i te marigold). Ina nui ake te R:FR i te 3.1, ka whakaroahia te wā puāwaitanga o ngā pīni. Mā te whakaiti i te R:FR ki te 1.9 ka taea te whiwhi i te pānga puāwaitanga pai rawa atu, ā, ka taea te puāwai i te 31 o ngā rā i muri i te rui. Ko te pānga o te mārama whero ki te aukati puāwaitanga ka ārahihia e te tae mārama-ataata Pr. Kua tohuhia e ngā rangahau ina teitei ake te R:FR i te 3.5, ka whakaroahia te wā puāwaitanga o ngā tipu legume e rima (pī, pīni tītī, pīni whānui, pīni me te rūpine). I ētahi momo momo amaranth me te raihi, ka whakamahia te mārama whero-matara hei whakatere i te pua mō ngā rā 10 me ngā rā 20.

Tongi CO₂

CO₂koia te pūtake waro matua o te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti. Te kukū tiketike o te CO₂ka taea te whakatairanga i te tipu me te whakaputa uri o ngā tipu ā-tau C3, i te mea he iti te kukū o te CO₂tērā pea ka whakaiti i te tipu me te hua whakaputa uri nā te whakawhāititanga o te waro. Hei tauira, ka piki ake te whai huatanga o te whakaahua o ngā tipu C3, pērā i te raihi me te witi, me te pikinga o te CO2₂taumata, ka hua ake te pikinga o te koiora me te pua wawe. Kia kitea ai te pānga pai o te CO₂Ki te piki ake te kukū, me whakapai ake pea te tuku wai me ngā matūkai. Nō reira, i raro i te tikanga o te haumi mutunga kore, ka taea e te hydroponics te tuku katoa i te pūmanawa tipu o ngā tipu. He iti te CO₂i whakaroa te kukū o te kukū i te wā pua o Arabidopsis thaliana, i te mea he nui te CO₂Nā te kukū i tere ake te wā pua o te raihi, i whakapoto i te wā tipu o te raihi ki te 3 marama, ā, i whakatipuria mō ngā whakatipuranga e 4 i te tau. Mā te tāpiri i te CO₂ki te 785.7μmol/mol i roto i te pouaka tipu horihori, i whakapotoa te huringa whakatipuranga o te momo pīni soya 'Enrei' ki te 70 rā, ā, ka taea e ia te whakatipu i ngā whakatipuranga e 5 i roto i te tau kotahi. I te wā i te CO₂I piki ake te kukū ki te 550μmol/mol, i whakaroahia te pua o Cajanus cajan mō ngā rā 8~9, ā, i whakaroahia hoki te wā whakatakoto me te wā pakari o te hua mō ngā rā 9. I kohia e Cajanus cajan te huka kore-rewa i te CO teitei₂te kukū, ka pā pea ki te tuku tohu a ngā tipu, ka whakaroa hoki i te pua. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te rūma tipu me te pikinga o te CO₂, ka piki ake te maha me te kounga o ngā pua pīni soya, he mea pai tēnei mō te whakawhānau ranu, ā, he nui ake te tere o te whakawhānau ranu i tērā o ngā pīni soya e whakatipuria ana i te mara.

Ngā tirohanga ā muri ake nei

Ka taea e te ahuwhenua hou te whakateretere i te tukanga whakatipu hua mā te whakatipu rerekē me te whakatipu whare. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga kei roto i ēnei tikanga, pērā i ngā whakaritenga whenua tino pakari, te whakahaere utu nui o te mahi me ngā āhuatanga taiao kore pumau, e kore e taea te kī taurangi angitu o te kotinga purapura. Ka pāngia te whakatipu whare e ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ā, he iti te wā mō te tāpiri whakatupuranga. Heoi, ko te whakatipu tohu ngota ka whakateretere noa i te kōwhiringa me te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ūnga whakatipu. I tēnei wā, kua whakamahia te hangarau whakatipu tere ki ngā hua Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae me ētahi atu hua. Heoi, ka whakakorea katoatia e te whakatipu tere o te wheketere tipu te awe o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te taiao tipu kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu. Mā te whakakotahi i te hangarau whakatipu tere o te wheketere tipu me te whakatipu tuku iho, te whakatipu tohu ngota me ētahi atu tikanga whakatipu, i raro i te tikanga whakatipu tere, ka taea te whakaiti i te wā e hiahiatia ana hei whiwhi i ngā momo homozygous i muri i te whakaranu, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā whakatupuranga tōmua hei whakapoto i te wā e hiahiatia ana hei whiwhi i ngā āhuatanga pai me ngā whakatupuranga whakatipu.

Ko te herenga matua o te hangarau whakatipu tere tipu i roto i ngā wheketere ko te rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga taiao e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā hua rerekē, ā, he roa te wā ki te whiwhi i ngā āhuatanga taiao mō te whakatipu tere o ngā hua whainga. I taua wā anō, nā te nui o te utu o te hanganga me te whakahaere o te wheketere tipu, he uaua ki te whakahaere i te whakamātautau whakatipu tāpiri nui, e hua ai he iti te hua o te purapura, ka whakawhāiti pea i te aromatawai āhua o te mara whai muri. Mā te whakapai haere me te whakapai ake i ngā taputapu me te hangarau o te wheketere tipu, ka heke haere te utu hanga me te whakahaere o te wheketere tipu. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te hangarau whakatipu tere me te whakapoto i te huringa whakatipu mā te whakakotahi pai i te hangarau whakatipu tere o te wheketere tipu me ētahi atu tikanga whakatipu.

MUTUNGA

Ngā mōhiohio kua whakahuatia

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng. Te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau i te hangarau whakatipu tere o te wheketere tipu [J]. Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua, 2022,42(22):46-49.