Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua Taketake o Zhang Zhiping Greenhouse Horticulture 2022-08-26 17:20 I tukuna ki Beijing

Kua whakatakotohia e Haina tētahi mahere mō te aukati me te whakahaere matomato me te kore tipu o ngā patupatu, ā, kua whānuitia te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou e whakamahi ana i ngā waka whakaahua pepeke hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke ahuwhenua.

Ngā mātāpono o te hangarau whakahaere pepeke ā-ira

Ko te whakahaere i ngā pepeke mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tirotiro-mātakitaki e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi momo pepeke. He whānui te whānuitanga o ngā roangaru kitea o te nuinga o ngā pepeke, kotahi te wāhanga e kukū ana ki te awhe UVA e kore e kitea, ko tētahi wāhanga kei te wāhanga mārama e kitea ana. I te wāhanga e kore e kitea, nā te mea kei waho o te whānuitanga o te mārama e kitea ana me te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti, ko te tikanga kāore he pānga o te wawaotanga rangahau i tēnei wāhanga o te awhe ki te mahi me te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti tipu. I kitea e ngā kairangahau mā te aukati i tēnei wāhanga o te awhe, ka taea te hanga i ngā wāhi matapo mō ngā pepeke, te whakaiti i ā rātou mahi, te tiaki i ngā hua mai i ngā pepeke me te whakaiti i te tuku huaketo. I tēnei wāhanga o te awhe mārama e kitea ana, ka taea te whakapakari i tēnei wāhanga o te awhe i te rohe e tawhiti atu ana i ngā hua hei whakararuraru i te ahunga o te mahi a ngā pepeke hei tiaki i ngā hua mai i te pangia.

Ngā pepeke noa i roto i te whare

Ko ngā pepeke noa e pā ana ki te whakato ko ngā thrips, ngā aphids, ngā whiteflies, me ngā leafminers, me ētahi atu.

te whakaekenga o ngā thrips

te whakaekenga aphid

te whakaekenga o te namu mā

te whakaekenga a te kaikoi rau

Ngā otinga mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate o te whare

I kitea i roto i te rangahau he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga noho o ngā pepeke kua whakahuatia ake nei. Ko ngā mahi, te rere me te rapu kai a ēnei pepeke e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakatere i ngā hihi i roto i tētahi awhi motuhake, pērā i ngā aphids me ngā ngārara mā i roto i te mārama ultraviolet (te roangaru tata ki te 360 ​​nm) me te mārama kakariki ki te kōwhai (520~540 nm) he okana kaiwhiwhi. Mā te wawao ki ēnei awhi e rua ka whakararu i te mahi a te pepeke, ā, ka whakaiti i tōna tere whakaputa uri. He aro kitea anō hoki ngā thrips i roto i te wāhanga mārama kitea o te awhi 400-500 nm.

Ka taea e te mārama wāhanga-tae te kukume i ngā pepeke ki te whenua, ā, ka hangaia he āhuatanga pai mō te kukume me te hopu i ngā pepeke. Hei tāpiri, ko te nui ake o te whakaata o te rā (neke atu i te 25% o te hihi mārama) ka ārai i ngā pepeke ki te piri ki ngā āhuatanga whatu. Pērā i te kaha, te roanga ngaru me te rerekētanga o te tae, ka pā nui hoki ki te nui o te urupare a ngā pepeke. Ko ētahi pepeke he rua ngā whānuitanga e kitea ana, arā, ko te UV me te mārama kōwhai-kakariki, ā, ko ētahi he toru ngā whānuitanga e kitea ana, arā, ko te UV, te mārama kikorangi me te mārama kōwhai-kakariki.

ngā whitiki mārama kitea o ngā pepeke noa

Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea te whakararuraru i ngā pepeke kino e ō rātou hihi-whakaahua kino. Mā te ako i ngā tikanga noho o ngā pepeke, e rua ngā otinga ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke. Ko tētahi ko te whakarerekē i te taiao kati kōtuhi i roto i te whānuitanga hihi-ārai, kia whakaitihia ai te whānuitanga o te whānuitanga hohe o ngā pepeke kei roto i te kati kōtuhi, pērā i te whānuitanga hihi-ura, ki te taumata tino iti, kia puta ai he "matapo" mō ngā pepeke i roto i tēnei awhe; tuarua, mō te wā kāore e taea te aukati, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaata, te marara rānei o te mārama tae o ētahi atu kaiwhakawhiwhi i roto i te kati kōtuhi, kia whakararuraru ai i te aronga o te rere me te taunga o ngā pepeke.

Tikanga ārai UV

Ko te tikanga ārai UV mā te tāpiri i ngā ārai UV ki te kiriata kati kōtuhi me te kupenga pepeke, hei ārai i ngā roopu roangaru matua e pāngia ana e ngā pepeke i roto i te mārama e tomo ana ki te kati kōtuhi. Mā tēnei ka aukati i te mahi a ngā pepeke, ka whakaiti i te whakaputa uri o ngā pepeke, ka whakaiti hoki i te horapa o ngā pepeke me ngā mate i waenga i ngā hua o te kati kōtuhi.

Kupenga pepeke āwhata

Kāore e taea e te kupenga ārai-ngārara 50-mata (he matotoru te mata) te aukati i ngā pepeke mā te rahi noa iho o te mata. Engari, kua nui ake te mata, ā, he pai te hauhautanga, engari kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā pepeke.

te pānga tiaki o te kupenga pepeke kiato teitei

Ka āraihia e ngā kupenga pepeke āwhata ngā whitiki mārama tairongo o ngā pepeke mā te tāpiri i ngā tāpiringa mō ngā whitiki ārai-iraira ki ngā rauemi mata. Nā te mea ehara i te mea ko te matotoru o te kupenga anake te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i tētahi kupenga whakahaere pepeke iti ake te kupenga hei whakatutuki i tētahi pānga whakahaere pepeke pai ake. Arā, i te mea e whakarite ana i te hauhautanga pai, ka tutuki hoki te whakahaere pepeke whai hua. Nō reira, ka whakatauhia hoki te tautohetohe i waenga i te hauhautanga me te whakahaere pepeke i roto i te whare whakato, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga mahi e rua, ā, kua tutuki he taurite whanaunga..

Mai i te whakaata o te awhi hihi i raro i te kupenga whakahaere pepeke hihi 50-mata, ka kitea he nui te mimiti o te awhi UV (te awhi mārama o ngā pepeke), ā, he iti iho i te 10% te whakaata. I te wāhi o ngā matapihi hauhautanga o te whare kati kōtuhi kua rite ki ēnei kupenga pepeke hihi, tata kore e kitea te tirohanga a te pepeke i roto i tēnei awhi.

mahere whakaata o te awhi awhi o te kupenga pepeke āwhata (50 mata)

kupenga pepeke me ngā whānuitanga rerekē

Hei whakamana i te mahi tiaki o te kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira, i whakahaerehia e ngā kairangahau ngā whakamātautau e tika ana, arā, i roto i te māra whakaputa tōmato, i whiriwhiria he kupenga ārai pepeke noa 50-mata, he kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira 50-mata, he kupenga ārai pepeke noa 40-mata, me te kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira 40-mata. I whakamahia ngā kupenga pepeke he rerekē ngā mahi me ngā matotoru mata rerekē hei whakatairite i ngā reiti oranga o ngā ngārara mā me ngā thrips. I ia tatau, ko te maha o ngā ngārara mā i raro i te kupenga whakahaere pepeke ā-ira 50-mata te iti rawa, ā, ko te maha o ngā ngārara mā i raro i te kupenga noa 40-mata te nui rawa. Ka kitea mārama i raro i te maha o ngā kupenga ārai pepeke, he iti ake te maha o ngā ngārara mā i raro i te kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira i tērā i raro i te kupenga noa. I raro i te tau mata kotahi, he iti iho te maha o ngā thrips i raro i te kupenga ārai pepeke āwhata i tērā i raro i te kupenga ārai pepeke noa, ā, he iti iho anō hoki te maha o ngā thrips i raro i te kupenga ārai pepeke āwhata 40-mata i tērā i raro i te kupenga ārai pepeke noa 50-mata. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea tonu e te kupenga ārai pepeke āwhata te whai pānga ārai pepeke kaha ake i te kupenga ārai pepeke noa he mata teitei, me te whakarite kia pai ake te hauhautanga.

te pānga tiaki o ngā kupenga ārai-ngārara rerekē me ngā kupenga ārai-ngārara noa

I taua wā anō, i whakahaerehia anō e ngā kairangahau tētahi atu whakamātautau, arā, mā te whakamahi i ngā kupenga ārai pepeke noa 50-mata, ngā kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira 50-mata, me ngā kupenga ārai pepeke noa 68-mata hei whakatairite i te maha o ngā thrips i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi mō te whakaputa tōmato. E ai ki te pikitia 10, ko te kupenga whakahaere pepeke noa, 68-mata, nā te mea he nui te kiato o te mata, he nui ake te pānga o te kupenga ārai pepeke i tērā o te kupenga ārai pepeke noa 50-mata. Engari ko te kupenga ārai pepeke ā-ira iti 50-mata he iti ake ngā thrips i te kupenga ārai pepeke noa 68-mata teitei.

te whakatairite i te maha o ngā thrips i raro i ngā kupenga pepeke rerekē

Hei tāpiritanga, i te whakamātautau i te kupenga ārai-ngārara noa 50-mata me te kupenga ārai-ngārara 40-mata me ngā mahi rerekē e rua me ngā kiato mata rerekē, i te whakataurite i te maha o ngā thrips mō ia papa piri i te rohe whakaputa rīki, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ahakoa he iti ake te mata, he pai ake te pānga ārai-ngārara o te maha o ngā kupenga ārai-ngārara i ngā kupenga ārai-ngārara noa he nui ake te mata.

te whakataurite i te maha o ngā thrip i raro i ngā kupenga whakahaere pepeke rerekē i roto i te hanga

te whakataurite tuturu i te pānga ārai-ngārara o te mata kotahi me ngā mahi rerekē

 Kiriata ārai pepeke spectral

Ka mimitihia e te kiriata hipoki whare kati kōtuhi noa tetahi wāhanga o te ngaru mārama UV, koinei hoki te take matua hei whakatere i te koroheketanga o te kiriata. Ka tāpirihia ngā tāpiringa e ārai ana i te roopu pepeke UVA ki te kiriata hipoki whare kati kōtuhi mā te hangarau ahurei, ā, i raro i te kaupapa o te whakarite kia kore e pāngia te roa o te ora mahi o te kiriata, ka hangaia hei kiriata ātete pepeke.

ngā pānga o te kiriata ārai-UV me te kiriata noa ki ngā taupori ngārara mā, ngā thrips, me ngā aphids

I te roanga ake o te wā whakato, ka kitea te nui haere o ngā pepeke i raro i te kiriata noa i tērā i raro i te kiriata ārai UV. Me mārama ko te whakamahinga o tēnei momo kiriata me aro nui ngā kaiwhakatipu ki ngā whakatuwheratanga tomo me te putanga me ngā whakatuwheratanga hau i te wā e mahi ana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi o ia rā, ki te kore ka whakaitihia te pānga o te whakamahinga o te kiriata. Nā te kaha o te whakahaere i ngā pepeke e te kiriata ārai UV, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke e ngā kaiwhakatipu. I te whakato i te eustoma i roto i te whare, me te kiriata ārai UV, ahakoa he maha ngā kaikeri rau, ngā thrips, ngā ngārara mā, te nui rānei o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana, he iti iho i te kiriata noa.

Te whakataurite i te pānga o te kiriata ārai UV me te kiriata noa

te whakataurite i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi mā te whakamahi i te kiriata ārai UV me te kiriata noa

Tikanga whakararuraru/hopu tae mārama

Ko te kaha o te tae ki te ārai i ngā okana tirohanga pepeke ki ngā tae rerekē. Mā te whakamahi i te aro o ngā pepeke ki ētahi tae e kitea ana hei ārai i te ahunga ūnga o ngā pepeke, ka whakaitihia te kino o ngā pepeke ki ngā hua me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu.

Te pokanoa whakaata kiriata

I te wā e hangaia ana, kei te anga whakarunga te taha kōwhai o te kiriata kōwhai-parauri, ā, ka tau nui ngā pepeke pēnei i ngā aphids me ngā ngārara mā ki runga i te kiriata nā te phototaxis. I taua wā anō, he tino teitei te pāmahana o te mata o te kiriata i te raumati, ā, ka mate te tini o ngā pepeke e piri ana ki te mata o te kiriata, ā, ka whakaitihia te kino i pā ki ngā hua nā ēnei pepeke e piri pōrearea ana ki ngā hua. Ka whakamahia e te kiriata hiriwa-hina te tropism kino o ngā aphids, ngā thrips, me ētahi atu hei tae i te mārama. Mā te hipoki i te whare kati kōtuhi whakato kūkamo me te rōpere ki te kiriata hiriwa-hina ka taea te whakaiti i te kino o ēnei pepeke.

te whakamahi i ngā momo kiriata rerekē

te pānga whai hua o te kiriata kōwhai-parauri i roto i te whare whakaputa tōmato

Te wawaotanga whakaata o te kupenga ārai rā tae

Mā te hipoki i ngā kupenga ārai rā o ngā tae rerekē ki runga ake i te whare kati kōtuhi ka taea te whakaiti i te kino ki ngā hua mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga mārama tae o ngā pepeke. He nui ake te maha o ngā ngārara mā e noho ana i roto i te kupenga kōwhai i tērā i roto i te kupenga whero, te kupenga kikorangi me te kupenga pango. He iti iho te maha o ngā ngārara mā i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi i tērā i roto i te kupenga pango me te kupenga mā.

te tātaritanga o te āhuatanga whakahaere pepeke mā te whakamahi i ngā kupenga ārai rā o ngā tae rerekē

Te pokanoa whakaata o te kupenga ārai rā whakaata pepa konumohe

Kua tāutahia te kupenga whakaata pepa konumohe ki te taha o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, kua tino heke te maha o ngā ngārara mā. Ki te whakatauritea ki te kupenga ārai-ngārara noa, kua heke te maha o ngā thrips mai i te 17.1 upoko/m²ki te 4.0 upoko/m².

te whakamahi i te kupenga whakaata pepa konumohe

Papa Piripiri

I roto i te hanga, ka whakamahia ngā papa kōwhai hei hopu me te patu i ngā aphids me ngā ngārara mā. Hei tāpiri, he tairongo ngā thrips ki te kikorangi, ā, he kaha te kikorangi-taxi. I roto i te hanga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā papa kikorangi hei hopu me te patu i ngā thrips, me ētahi atu, i runga i te ariā o ngā tae-taxi pepeke i roto i te hoahoa. I roto i ēnei, ko te rīpene he bullseye, he tauira rānei te mea e ātaahua ake ana hei kukume i ngā pepeke..

rīpene piri me te mata porowhita, te tauira rānei

Ngā mōhiohio tohutoro

Zhang Zhiping. Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Whakahaere Pest Spectral i roto i te Whare [J]. Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua, 42(19): 17-22.