Kaituhi: Changji Zhou, Hongbo Li, etc.

Pūtake Tuhinga: Te Whakatipu Whare Kakariki Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua

Koinei te pūtake whakamātautau o te Haidian District Agricultural Science Institute, me te Haidian Agricultural High-tech Exhibition and Science Park. I te tau 2017, i ārahi te kaituhi i te whakaurunga o tētahi whare kati kōtuhi whakamātautau kiriata kirihou maha-whānui me te whakamarumaru wera teitei mai i Korea ki te Tonga. I tēnei wā, kua hurihia e te Kaiwhakahaere Zheng hei whare kati kōtuhi whakaputa rōpere e whakauru ana i te whakaaturanga hangarau, te tirotiro me te kohi, te wā whakangahau me te wā whakangahau. Ko tōna ingoa ko "5G Cloud Strawberry", ā, ka haria koutou e ahau ki te wheako tahi.

Te Whakatō Whare Karaka Rōpere me tōna Whakamahinga Wāhi

Whata rōpere hiki me te pūnaha whakairi

Te wāhi whakatipu me te tikanga whakatipu

Ka whakawhāitihia te puna wai me te rerenga wai e te poka whakatipu ki raro o te poka whakatipu, ā, ka ara ake he taha ki waho i waenganui o te mata o raro o te poka whakatipu i te taha roa (mai i roto o te poka whakatipu, ka hangaia he awaawa o raro i raro). Ko te puna wai matua ki te poka whakatipu ka whakatakotoria tika ki roto i tēnei awaawa o raro, ā, ko te wai i mimitia mai i te puna whakatipu ka kohia kia ōrite ki roto i tēnei awaawa, ā, ka mutu ka tukuna mai i tetahi pito o te poka whakatipu.

Ko ngā painga o te whakato rōpere ki te kohua whakatipu, ko te wehenga o te raro o te kohua whakatipu mai i te mata o raro o te mokowā whakatipu, ā, kāore he wai teitei e hangaia i te taha o raro o te papa, ā, ka pai ake te hau o te papa; ka horapa me te rere o te wai whakamakuku; tuatoru, kāore he turuturu ina tāutahia te papa ki roto i te kohua whakatipu, ā, he ātaahua, he ātaahua hoki te whata whakatipu katoa. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tēnei huarahi ko te whakamakuku maturuturu me te whakato kohua whakatipu ka whakanui ake i te haumi ki te hanga taputapu.

Te whakatipu i ngā mokowā me ngā kohua

Pūnaha whakairi me te hapai whatanga whakatipu

He rite tonu te pūnaha whakairi me te hapai o te whata whakatipu ki te whata whakatipu rōpere tuku iho. Ka karapotia te whata whakatipu e te whitiki whakairi o te mokowā whakatipu, ā, ka honoa te whitiki whakairi me te wira whakamuri ki tētahi tīwiri kete putiputi ka taea te whakarite te roa (hei whakarite i te ōritetanga o te teitei tāutanga o te mokowā whakatipu). I te aho o raro, ka takaihia tetahi pito ki te wira e hono ana ki te pou taraiwa o te whakaiti motuka.

Pūnaha whakairi whata whakatipu

I runga i te pūnaha whakairi whānui whānui, hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te āhua whakawhiti-wāhanga motuhake o te wāhi whakatipu me ngā hiahia o te whakaaturanga mātakitaki, kua hangaia hoki ētahi taputapu me ngā whakaurunga whaiaro ki konei.

(1) Whakairi whata whakatipu. Ko te whitiki iri o te whata whakatipu he whitiki kati-porowhita tuatahi, he mea hanga mā te piko me te whakarewa i te waea maitai. He rite tonu te wāhanga whakawhiti o ia wāhanga o te whitiki iri, ā, he ōrite ngā āhuatanga hangarau; ka tangohia hoki e te wāhanga raro o te mokowā te piko haurua-porowhita e rite ana; ko te tuatoru ko te whakapiko i waenganui o te whitiki ki te koki koi, ā, ko te whitiki o runga ka mau tika ki te pūwāhi piko, e kore e whakarite noa i te pokapū taumaha pumau o te mokowā whakatipu, engari kāore hoki e puta he whakarerekētanga taha, ā, ka whakarite hoki kia mau pono te whitiki, ā, e kore e paheke, e kore hoki e neke.

Te whitiki whata whakatipu

(2) Taura whakairi haumaru. I runga i te pūnaha whakairi tuku iho, ka tāutahia he huinga pūnaha whakairi haumaru anō i ia 6m i te roanga o te mokowā whakatipu. Ko ngā whakaritenga mō te pūnaha whakairi haumaru anō, tuatahi, kia rere tahi me te pūnaha whakairi taraiwa; tuarua, kia nui te kaha kawe. Hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga mahi o runga ake nei, ka hangaia, ka tīpakohia hoki he huinga pūnaha whakairi taputapu takai puna hei whakahoki i te taura whakairi o te mokowā whakatipu. Ka whakaritea te takai puna kia rite ki te taura whakairi taraiwa, ā, ka whakairihia, ka mau ki te aho o raro o te anga whare kati kōtuhi.

Pūnaha Whakatārewatanga Haumaru Tāpiri

Ngā taputapu whakaputa āwhina mō te whatanga whakatipu

(1) Pūnaha kāri tipu. Ko te pūnaha kāri tipu e whakahuatia ana i konei e rua ngā wāhanga matua: he whāriki kāri tipu me te taura hiriwa tae. I roto i ēnei, ko te whāriki kāri tipu he huihuinga i hangaia mai i te kāri piko āhua-U me te whānui, me te kāri āhua-U me ngā tokotoko rohe rua. Ko te raro me te haurua o raro o te kāri piko āhua-U e ōrite ana ki ngā rahi o waho o te mokowā whakatipu, ā, ka karapoti i te mokowā whakatipu mai i raro; i muri i te neke atu o ōna manga takirua i te tūranga tuwhera o te mokowā whakatipu, ka pikohia hei hono i ngā tokotoko rohe rua, ā, ka whai wāhi hoki ki te aukati i te whakarerekētanga o te whakatuwheratanga o te mokowā whakatipu; he piko āhua-U iti e piko ana ki runga, e whakamahia ana hei whakau i te taura wehewehe rau hua o ngā rōpere; ko te wāhanga o runga o te kāri āhua-U he piko āhua-W hei whakau i ngā peka rōpere me ngā rau heru taura. Ko te kāri piko āhua-U me te tokotoko rohe rua he mea hanga katoa mā te piko i te waea maitai konukōre.

Ka whakamahia te taura wehewehe rau hua hei kohikohi i ngā manga me ngā rau o te rōpere i roto i te whānui o te whakatuwheratanga o te mokowā whakatipu, hei whakairi i ngā hua rōpere ki waho o te mokowā whakatipu, ehara i te mea he watea noa iho mō te kohi hua, engari he tiaki hoki i te rōpere mai i te rehu tika o te rongoā wai, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga whakapaipai o te whakato rōpere.

Pūnaha kāri tipu

(2) te whata kōwhai neke. He mea hanga motuhake te whata kōwhai neke, arā, he pou poutū hei whakairi i ngā papa kōwhai me te kikorangi kua whakapirihia ki runga i te tūru, ka taea te whakanoho tika ki runga i te papa o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka taea te neke i ngā wā katoa.

(3) Waka tiaki tipu taraiwa-ake. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi pūwero tiaki tipu, arā, he pūwero taraiwa aunoa, e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā mahi tiaki tipu me te kore e noho ana ngā kaiwhakahaere i roto i te whare, e ai ki te ara kua whakaritea e te rorohiko, e taea ai te tiaki i te hauora o ngā kaiwhakahaere whare kati kōtuhi.

ngā taputapu tiaki tipu

Pūnaha Whakarato Matūkai me te Whakamakuku

E toru ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha tuku me te whakamakuku o tēnei kaupapa: ko tētahi ko te wāhanga whakarite wai mārama; ko te tuarua ko te pūnaha whakamakuku me te whakamomona rōpere; ko te tuatoru ko te pūnaha hangarua wai mō te whakatipu rōpere. Ko ngā taputapu mō te whakarite wai mārama me te pūnaha otinga matūkai e kiia ana ko te pane whakamakuku, ā, ko ngā taputapu mō te tuku me te whakahoki wai ki ngā hua ka kiia ko ngā taputapu whakamakuku.

Pūnaha Whakarato Matūkai me te Whakamakuku

Te taha whakatō

Ko ngā taputapu whakarite wai ma, me whai tātari onepu me te kirikiri hei tango i te onepu, me ngā taputapu whakangawari wai hei tango i te tote. Ko te wai ma kua tātarihia, kua whakangawaritia, ka rongoatia ki roto i tētahi tāke rokiroki mō te whakamahinga i muri mai.

Ko ngā taputapu whirihoranga o te otinga matūkai e toru ngā tāke rauemi mata mō ngā maniua A me B, me tētahi tāke waikawa hei whakarite i te pH, me tētahi huinga mīhini whakaranu maniua. I te wā e whakahaerehia ana, ka whirihorahia, ka whakaranua hoki te otinga taketake i roto i ngā tāke A, B me te tāke waikawa e te mīhini maniua kia rite ki te ōwehenga kua whakaritea hei hanga i tētahi otinga matūkai mata, ā, ka rongoatia te otinga matūkai mata i whirihorahia e te mīhini maniua ki roto i te tāke rokiroki otinga taketake hei tatari.

Ngā taputapu whakarite otinga matūkai

Pūnaha tuku wai me te whakahoki mō te whakato rōpere

Ko te pūnaha tuku wai me te whakahoki mō te whakato rōpere e whakamahi ana i te tikanga tuku wai pokapū me te whakahoki i tetahi pito o te mokowā whakatipu. Nā te mea e whakamahi ana te mokowā whakatipu i te tikanga hiki me te whakairi, e rua ngā āhua e whakamahia ana mō te tuku wai me te whakahoki mai o te mokowā whakatipu: ko tētahi he paipa pūmau; ko tētahi he paipa ngāwari e neke ake ana, e heke ana me te mokowā whakatipu. I te wā whakamakuku me te whakamomona, ka tukuna te tuku wai mai i te tāke wai mārama me te tāke rokiroki wai mata ki te mīhini whakauru wai me te tongi hei whakaranu kia rite ki te ōwehenga kua whakaritea (he tikanga māmā ka taea te whakamahi i te taputapu tongi taurite, pērā i te Venturi, me ētahi atu, ka taea te hiko, te kore rānei e peia) kātahi ka tukuna ki te tihi o te whakairi whakatipu mā te paipa tuku wai matua (ka tāutahia te paipa tuku wai matua ki runga i te anga o te whare kati kōtuhi i te whānuitanga o te whare kati kōtuhi), ā, ka arahina e te ngongo rapa ngāwari te wai whakamakuku mai i te paipa tuku wai matua ki te pito o ia whata whakatipu, kātahi ka hono atu ki te paipa peka tuku wai kua whakatakotoria ki te mokowā whakatipu. Kei te roa o te rua whakatipu ngā paipa peka wai i roto i te kōhao whakatipu, ā, i te ara, ka honoa ngā paipa maturuturu kia rite ki te tūranga o te kohua whakatipu, ā, ka maturuturuhia ngā matūkai ki roto i te ipu whakatipu mā roto i ngā paipa maturuturu. Ko te wai matūkai nui e puta mai ana i te papa ka ringihia ki roto i te kōhao whakatipu mā roto i te kōhao waikeri i raro i te kohua whakatipu, ā, ka kohia ki roto i te awaawa waikeri i raro i te kōhao whakatipu. Whakatikatikahia te teitei o te tāutanga o te kōhao whakatipu kia rere tonu mai i tetahi pito ki tetahi pito. I ngā pari pari, ka kohia te wai whakahoki whakamakuku i kohia mai i raro i te kōhao ki te pito o te kōhao. Ka whakaritea he whakatuwheratanga ki te pito o te kōhao whakatipu hei hono i te tāke hono o te wai whakahoki, ā, ka honoa he paipa wai whakahoki ki raro i te tāke kohikohi, ā, ka kohia te wai whakahoki i kohia, ka tukuna ki roto i te tāke wai whakahoki.

Pūnaha tuku wai me te whakahoki mai i te whakamakuku

Te whakamahinga o te wai whakahoki

Kāore tēnei wai whakamakuku whakahoki whare kati kōtuhi e whakamahi i te mahi tohanga porowhita kati o te pūnaha whakaputa rōpere, engari ka kohia te wai whakahoki mai i te mokowā whakato rōpere, ā, ka whakamahia tika mō te whakato huawhenua whakapaipai. Ko te mokowā whakatipu teitei pumau rite tonu ki te whakatipu rōpere kei runga i ngā pakitara taha e whā o te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka whakakīia te mokowā whakatipu ki te papa whakatipu hei whakatipu huawhenua whakapaipai. Ka whakamakuku tika te wai whakahoki o ngā rōpere ki ēnei huawhenua whakapaipai, ka whakamahia te wai ma i roto i te tāke rokiroki mō te whakamakuku o ia rā. Hei tāpiri, ka whakakotahihia te puna wai me ngā paipa whakahoki o te mokowā whakatipu hei kotahi i roto i te hoahoa o ngā paipa tuku wai me ngā paipa whakahoki. Ka whakamahia te aratau whakamakuku tai i roto i te mokowā whakatipu. I te wā tuku wai, ka whakatuwheratia te takirere o te paipa tuku wai, ā, ka kati te takirere o te paipa whakahoki. Ka kati te takirere paipa, ā, ka tuwhera te takirere waikeri. Mā tēnei tikanga whakamakuku ka penapena i ngā paipa peka tuku wai whakamakuku me ngā paipa iti i roto i te mokowā whakatipu, ka penapena haumi, ā, kāore he pānga ki te whakaputa huawhenua whakapaipai.

Te Whakatipu Huawhenua Whakapaipai mā te Whakamahi i te Wai Whakahoki

Whare kati kōtuhi me ngā whakaurunga tautoko

I kawemai katoatia te whare kati kōtuhi mai i Kōrea ki te Tonga i te tau 2017. Ko tōna roa he 47 mita, ko tōna whānui he 23 mita, ā, ko te horahanga katoa he 1081 mita.² Ko te whānui o te whare kati kōtuhi he 7m, ko te kokoru he 3m, ko te teitei o ngā tuanui he 4.5m, ā, ko te teitei o te hiwi he 6.4m, me te katoa o ngā kokoru e 3 me ngā kokoru e 15. Hei whakarei ake i te whakamarumaru wera o te whare kati kōtuhi, ka whakatakotoria he ara whakamarumaru wera 1m te whānui huri noa i te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ka hangaia he ārai whakamarumaru wera paparua o roto. I te wā o te whakarerekētanga hanganga, ka whakakapia ngā aho whakapae i te tihi o ngā pou i waenganui i ngā kokoru o te whare kati kōtuhi taketake ki ngā kurupae poupou.

Hanganga whare kati kōtuhi

I te whakahoutanga o te pūnaha whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi, ka mau tonu te hoahoa taketake o te pūnaha whakamahana o te tuanui me te pakitara me te whakamahana rua o roto. Heoi, i muri i te 3 tau o te whakahaerenga, kua tawhito te kupenga whakamarumaru taketake, ā, kua pakaru. I te whakahoutanga o te whare kati kōtuhi, i whakahoutia ngā ārai whakamahana katoa, ā, i whakakapia ki ngā whāriki whakamahana miro kiriaku, he māmā ake, he whakamahana ake, he mea hanga ki te kāinga. Mai i te whakahaerenga tuturu, ka taupatupatu ngā hononga i waenga i ngā ārai whakamahana tuanui, ka taupatupatu te whāriki whakamahana pakitara me te whāriki whakamahana tuanui, ā, kua hiritia pai te pūnaha whakamahana katoa.

Pūnaha Whakamarumaru Whare Kakariki

Hei whakarite i te nui o te mārama e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu o ngā hua, i tāpirihia he pūnaha mārama tāpiri i roto i te whakahoutanga o te whare kati kōtuhi. Ka whakamahia e te rama tāpiri he pūnaha rama LED pānga koiora, ko te mana o ia rama whakatipu LED he 50 W, e rua ngā pou i ia whā. Ko te whānui o ia pou rama he 3m. Ko te mana katoa o te mārama he 4.5 kW, he rite ki te 4.61 W/m² mō ia wāhanga horahanga. Ka taea e te kaha o te mārama o te 1m te teitei te neke atu i te 2000 lx.

I te wā anō e tāuta ana i ngā rama tāpiri, ka tāutahia hoki he rarangi rama UVB ki ia whāriki, me te tawhiti o te 2 mita, e whakamahia ana mō te patu huakita koretake i te hau i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi. Ko te mana o te rama UVB kotahi he 40 W, ā, ko te mana katoa kua tāutahia he 4.36 kW, he rite ki te 4.47 W/m² mō ia wāhanga horahanga.

Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha whakamahana whare kati kōtuhi he papu wera pūtake hau mā ake, he mea ma ake mō te taiao, e tuku ana i te hau wera ki roto i te whare kati kōtuhi mā te whakawhiti wera. Ko te mana katoa o te papu wera pūtake hau i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi he 210kW, ā, e 38 ngā waeine pā whakawhiti wera e tohatoha ōrite ana i roto i te rūma. Ko te marara wera o ia pā he 5.5kw, ka taea te whakarite kia neke ake te pāmahana o te hau i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi i te 5℃ i raro i te pāmahana o waho o te -15℃ i te rā makariri rawa atu i Beijing, kia pai ai te whakaputa rōpere i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi.

Hei whakarite i te ōritetanga o te pāmahana me te haumākū o te hau i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, me te hanga i tētahi nekehanga hau i roto, kua whakauruhia hoki ki te whare kati kōtuhi he pā hau e rere ana te hau whakapae. Kei waenganui o te whānuitanga o te whare kati kōtuhi ngā pā hau e rere ana, me te wehenga o te 18 m, ā, ko te mana o tētahi pā hau kotahi he 0.12 kW.

Ngā taputapu whakahaere taiao e tautoko ana i te whare kati kōtuhi

Ngā mōhiohio tohutoro:

Changji Zhou, Hongbo, Li, He Zheng, etc.I tirotirohia e Tākuta Zhou te whakairi rōpere momo tirotiro ka taea te hiki me ngā whare tautoko me ngā taputapu tautoko i Shiling (Kotahi Rau e Rua Tekau mā Ono). Agricultural Engineering Technology,2022,42(7):36-42.