Chen Tongqiang, me ētahi atu. Te hangarau hangarau ahuwhenua o te māra kati kōtuhi I whakaputaina ki Beijing i te 17:30 i te Hanuere 6, 2023.

Ko te EC rhizosphere pai me te whakahaere pH he āhuatanga e tika ana kia puta ai he hua nui o te tōmato i roto i te aratau whakatipu kore oneone i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi karāhe atamai. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, i tangohia te tōmato hei mea whakato, ā, i whakarāpopototia te EC rhizosphere me te awhe pH e tika ana i ngā wāhanga rerekē, me ngā mahi hangarau whakahaere e pā ana mēnā he rerekē, kia taea ai te whakarato tohutoro mō te whakaputanga whakato tuturu i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi karāhe tuku iho.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, kua eke te rohe whakato o ngā whare kati kōtuhi karaihe maha-whānui i Haina ki te 630hm2, ā, kei te whānui tonu. Ka whakauruhia e te whare kati kōtuhi karaihe ngā whare me ngā taputapu maha, ka hangaia he taiao tipu e tika ana mō te tipu o ngā tipu. Ko te whakahaere taiao pai, te whakamakuku tika i te wai me te tongi, te mahi ahuwhenua tika me te tiaki tipu ko ngā mea matua e whā hei whakatutuki i te hua nui me te kounga teitei o ngā tōmato. Mō te whakamakuku tika, ko tana kaupapa he pupuri i te EC rhizosphere tika, te pH, te nui o te wai o te papa me te kukū katote rhizosphere. Ko te EC rhizosphere pai me te pH ka tutuki i te whanaketanga o ngā pakiaka me te mimiti o te wai me te tongi, he mea nui tēnei hei pupuri i te tipu o ngā tipu, te whakaahua-whakaahua, te whakawhiti me ētahi atu whanonga pākia. Nō reira, ko te pupuri i te taiao rhizosphere pai he mea nui hei whakatutuki i te hua nui o te hua.

Ko te kore e taea te whakahaere i te EC me te pH i roto i te rhizosfera ka pā kino ki te taurite wai, te whanaketanga pakiaka, te whai huatanga o te mimiti o te pakiaka-tonga-te korenga o ngā matūkai tipu, te kukū o te katote pakiaka-te mimiti tongi-te korenga o ngā matūkai tipu me ērā atu mea. Ko te whakato me te whakaputa tōmato i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi karāhe ka whakamahi i te ahurea kore oneone. I muri i te whakaranu i te wai me te tongi, ka whakatinanahia te tukunga whakauru o te wai me te tongi i roto i te ahua o ngā pere maturuturu. Ko te EC, te pH, te auau, te tātai, te nui o te wai whakahoki me te wā tīmatanga o te whakainu ka pā tika ki te EC me te pH o te rhizosfera. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, i whakarāpopotohia te EC me te pH o te rhizosfera e tika ana i ia wāhanga o te whakato tōmato, ā, i tātarihia ngā take o te EC me te pH rhizosfera rerekē, ā, i whakarāpopotohia ngā mahi whakaora, i whakarato i te tohutoro me te tohutoro hangarau mō te hanga tuturu o ngā whare kati kōtuhi karāhe tuku iho.

Te EC me te pH rhizosphere e tika ana mō ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē o te tōmato

Ko te EC rhizosphere te mea e whakaatahia ana i roto i te kukū katote o ngā huānga matua i roto i te rhizosphere. Ko te tātaitanga ā-wheako ko te wehewehe i te tapeke o ngā utu anion me te cation ki te 20, ā, ki te teitei ake te uara, ka teitei ake te EC rhizosphere. Mā te EC rhizosphere e tika ana ka whakaratohia he kukū katote huānga e tika ana, e ōrite ana hoki mō te pūnaha pakiaka.

I te nuinga o te wā, he iti tōna uara (rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm). Nā te pēhanga pupuhi o ngā pūtau pakiaka, ka nui rawa te hiahia o ngā pakiaka ki te mimiti wai, ka nui ake te wai kore utu i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka whakamahia te wai kore utu nui mō te tuwha rau, te roa o te pūtau - te tipu koretake o te tipu; he nui tōna uara (rhizosphere hotoke EC>8~10mS/cm, rhizosphere raumati EC>5~7mS/cm). I te pikinga ake o te rhizosphere EC, kāore e ranea te kaha mimiti wai o ngā pakiaka, ka hua ake te ahotea kore wai o ngā tipu, ā, i ngā wā kino, ka maroke ngā tipu (Pikitia 1). I taua wā anō, ko te whakataetae i waenga i ngā rau me ngā hua mō te wai ka heke te nui o te wai o ngā hua, ka pā ki te hua me te kounga o ngā hua. Ina whakanuia te EC rhizosphere mā te 0~2mS/cm, he pai te pānga whakahaere ki te whakanui ake i te kukū huka wairewa/te ihirangi totoka wairewa o te hua, te whakatikatika i te tipu tipu me te taurite o te tipu whakaputa uri, nō reira, ko ngā kaiwhakatipu tōmato cherry e whai ana i te kounga teitei ake te whakamahi i te EC rhizosphere teitei ake. I kitea he nui ake te huka wairewa o te kūkamo kua honoa i tērā o te mana whakahaere i raro i te tikanga whakamakuku wai māori (3g/L o te wai māori i hangaia e koe me te ōwehenga o NaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 o te 2:2:1 i tāpirihia ki te otinga matūkai). Ko ngā āhuatanga o te tōmato cherry Dutch' Honey' ko te pupuri i te EC rhizosphere teitei (8~10mS/cm) puta noa i te wā whakaputa katoa, ā, he nui te ihirangi huka o te hua, engari he iti noa te hua hua kua oti (5kg/m2).

Ko te pH o te rhizosphere (kore waeine) e pā ana ki te pH o te wai rhizosphere, e pā ana ki te maturuturu me te whakarewa o ia katote huānga ki roto i te wai, ā, ka pā ki te whai huatanga o ia katote e mimitihia ana e te pūnaha pakiaka. Mō te nuinga o ngā katote huānga, ko tōna awhe pH e tika ana ko te 5.5~6.5, ka taea ai te whakarite kia mimitihia ia katote e te pūnaha pakiaka i te nuinga o te wā. Nō reira, i te wā e whakatō ana i te tōmato, me pupuri tonu te pH o te rhizosphere ki te 5.5~6.5. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 i te awhe o te rhizosphere EC me te whakahaere pH i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē o ngā tōmato hua nui. Mō ngā tōmato hua iti, pērā i ngā tōmato cherry, ko te rhizosphere EC i ngā wāhanga rerekē he 0~1mS/cm teitei ake i ngā tōmato hua nui, engari ka whakatikatikaina katoatia kia rite ki te ia o te tipu.

Ngā take rerekē me ngā mahi whakatikatika o te rhizosphere tōmato EC

Ko te Rhizosphere EC e pā ana ki te EC o te otinga matūkai huri noa i te pūnaha pakiaka. Ina whakatōkia te huruhuru toka tōmato ki Hōrana, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakatipu he ngira hei ngongo i te otinga matūkai mai i te huruhuru toka, ā, he pai ake te whakaatu i ngā hua. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, e tata ana te EC whakahoki ki te EC rhizosphere, nō reira ko te EC whakahoki tauira ka whakamahia pinepinetia hei EC rhizosphere i Haina. Ko te rerekētanga o te ao o te rhizosphere EC ka ara ake i muri i te whitinga o te rā, ka tīmata te heke me te noho pumau i te tihi o te whakamakuku, ā, ka piki haere mārire i muri i te whakamakuku, e whakaatuhia ana i te Pikitia 2.

Ko ngā take matua mō te nui o te EC whakahoki ko te iti o te tere whakahoki, te nui o te EC tomo me te tomuri o te whakamakuku. He iti ake te nui o te whakamakuku i taua rā anō, e whakaatu ana he iti te tere whakahoki wai. Ko te kaupapa o te whakahoki wai he horoi katoa i te papa, kia mau tonu te EC rhizosphere, te nui o te wai o te papa me te kukū katote rhizosphere i roto i te awhe noa, ā, he iti te tere whakahoki wai, ā, he nui ake te wai e mimitihia ana e te pūnaha pakiaka i ngā katote huānga, e whakaatu ana anō i te pikinga o te EC. Ko te nui o te EC tomo ka arahi tika ki te EC whakahoki teitei. E ai ki te ture whānui, ko te EC whakahoki he 0.5~1.5ms/cm teitei ake i te EC tomo. I mutu te whakamakuku whakamutunga i mua ake o taua rā, ā, he teitei ake tonu te kaha o te mārama (300~450W/m2) i muri i te whakamakuku. Nā te whakawhiti o ngā tipu i peia e te hihi, ka mimiti tonu te pūnaha pakiaka i te wai, ka heke te nui o te wai o te papa, ka piki ake te kukū katote, kātahi ka piki ake te EC rhizosphere. Ina teitei te EC o te rhizosphere, ina teitei te kaha o te hihi, ā, ina iti te haumākū, ka pāngia ngā tipu e te ahotea kore wai, ka kitea nuitia tēnei hei maroke (Pikitia 1, matau).

Ko te iti o te EC i roto i te rhizosfera te take matua o te tere hokinga mai o te wai, te mutunga o te whakamakuku, me te iti o te EC i roto i te putanga wai, ka nui ake te raruraru. Ko te tere hokinga mai o te wai ka arahi ki te tata mutunga kore i waenga i te putanga EC me te putanga EC. Ina mutu te whakamakuku i te mutunga, ina koa i ngā rā kapua, me te iti o te mārama me te haumākū nui, ka ngoikore te mimiti o ngā tipu, he teitei ake te ōwehenga mimiti o ngā katote huānga i te wai, ā, he iti iho te ōwehenga heke o te ihirangi wai matrix i te kukū katote i roto i te wairewa, ka arahi ki te iti o te EC o te wai whakahoki. Nā te mea he iti iho te pēhanga pupuhi o ngā pūtau makawe pakiaka tipu i te kaha wai o te wairewa matūkai rhizosfera, ka nui ake te wai ka mimitihia e te pūnaha pakiaka, ā, kāore i te taurite te taurite wai. Ina ngoikore te mimiti, ka tukuna te tipu hei wai tuwha (pikitia 1, maui), ā, ki te teitei te pāmahana i te pō, ka tupu noa te tipu.

Ngā whakaritenga whakatikatika ina he rerekē te EC o te rhizosphere: ① Ina teitei te EC whakahoki, me noho te EC e tomo mai ana i roto i te awhe whaitake. Ko te tikanga, ko te EC e tomo mai ana o ngā tōmato hua nui he 2.5~3.5mS/cm i te raumati, ā, 3.5~4.0mS/cm i te takurua. Tuarua, whakapai ake i te tere whakahoki wai, i mua i te whakamakuku auau-teitei i te poutumarotanga, ā, kia tino hoki mai te wai i ia whakamakuku. He hononga pai te tere whakahoki wai ki te kohikohinga irahiko. I te raumati, ina neke atu i te 450 W/m2 te kaha o te irahiko, ā, neke atu i te 30 meneti te roa, me tāpiri ā-ringa he iti noa te whakamakuku (50~100mL/ripeka) kotahi, ā, he pai ake kia kaua e puta he whakahoki wai. ② Ina iti te tere whakahoki wai, ko ngā take matua ko te tere whakahoki wai teitei, te EC iti me te whakamakuku whakamutunga. I runga i te wā whakamakuku whakamutunga, ka mutu te whakamakuku whakamutunga i te 2~5 hāora i mua i te tōnga o te rā, ka mutu i ngā rā kapua me te takurua i mua i te wā i whakaritea, ā, ka whakaroa i ngā rā paki me te raumati. Whakahaerehia te tere hokinga mai o te wai, e ai ki te kohikohinga hihi o waho. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tere hokinga mai o te wai he iti iho i te 10% ina he iti iho te kohikohinga hihi i te 500J/(cm2.d), ā, 10%~20% ina he 500~1000J/(cm2.d) te kohikohinga hihi, me ērā atu.

Ngā take rerekē me ngā mehua whakatikatika o te pH rhizosphere tōmato

Ko te tikanga, ko te pH o te wai whakapūmau he 5.5, ā, ko te pH o te wai rere he 5.5~6.5 i raro i ngā āhuatanga pai. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pH o te rhizosphere ko te tātai, te reo whakatipu, te tere o te wai rere, te kounga o te wai me ētahi atu. Ina iti te pH o te rhizosphere, ka tahuna ngā pakiaka, ka memeha rawa te matrix huruhuru toka, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3. Ina teitei te pH o te rhizosphere, ka heke te mimiti o te Mn2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ me te PO43-, ka arahi tēnei ki te korenga o ngā huānga, pērā i te korenga o te manganese i puta mai i te pH rhizosphere teitei, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.

Mō te kounga o te wai, he waikawa te wai ua me te wai tātari kiriuhi RO, ā, ko te pH o te wai whaea he 3~4 te nuinga, ka iti te pH o te wai whakauru. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te pāhare pākawa waro me te pāhare pākawa waro hei whakatika i te pH o te wai whakauru. He maha ngā wā ka whakahaeretia te wai puna me te wai whenua e te waikawa hauota me te waikawa phosphoric nā te mea kei roto ko te HCO3 - he kawakore. Ka pā tika te pH whakauru rerekē ki te pH whakahoki, nō reira ko te pH whakauru tika te pūtake o te whakahaere. Mō te papa whakatipu, i muri i te whakato, he tata te pH o te wai e hoki mai ana o te papa rau kokonati ki te wai e tomo mai ana, ā, kāore te pH rerekē o te wai e tomo mai ana e puta ai he pikinga nui o te pH rhizosphere i roto i te wā poto nā te mea he pai te āhuatanga tiaki o te papa. I raro i te whakatipu huruhuru toka, he teitei te uara pH o te wai e hoki mai ana i muri i te whakato, ā, ka roa te wā e mau ana.

I runga i te āhua o te hanganga, e ai ki te rerekētanga o te kaha mimiti o ngā katote e ngā tipu, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā tote waikawa ā-tinana me ngā tote kawakore ā-tinana. Hei tauira, ina mimitihia e ngā tipu te 1mol o te NO3-, ka tukuna e te pūnaha pakiaka te 1mol o te OH-, ka piki ake te pH o te rhizosphere, engari ina mimitihia e te pūnaha pakiaka te NH4+, ka tukuna te kukū kotahi o te H+, ka heke iho te pH o te rhizosphere. Nō reira, he tote taketake ā-tinana te nitrate, ko te tote ammonium he tote waikawa ā-tinana. Ko te tikanga, ko te pāhare pākawa waro, te konupūmā ammonium nitrate me te ammonium sulfate he tongi waikawa ā-tinana, ko te pāhare pākawa waro me te konupūmā nitrate he tote kawakore ā-tinana, ā, ko te ammonium nitrate he tote kūpapa. Ko te awe o te tere whakahoki wai ki te pH o te rhizosphere e whakaatahia ana i roto i te horoinga o te otinga matūkai o te rhizosphere, ā, ko te pH rhizosphere rerekē ka puta mai i te kukū katote kore taurite i roto i te rhizosphere.

Ngā whakaritenga whakatikatika ina he rerekē te pH o te rhizosphere: ① Tuatahi, tirohia mēnā kei roto i te awhe whaitake te pH o te influent; (2) I te whakamahinga o te wai he nui ake te warowaihā, pērā i te wai puna, i kitea e te kaituhi he noa te pH o te influent, engari i muri i te mutunga o te whakamakuku i taua rā, i tirohia te pH o te influent, ā, i kitea kua piki ake. I muri i te tātari, ko te take pea i piki ake ai te pH nā te parepare o te HCO3-, nō reira e taunakihia ana kia whakamahia te waikawa hauota hei kaiwhakahaere ina whakamahia te wai puna hei puna wai whakamakuku; (3) Ina whakamahia te huruhuru toka hei papa whakato, ka teitei te pH o te otinga whakahoki mō te wā roa i te tīmatanga o te whakato. I tēnei take, me whakaiti tika te pH o te otinga e haere mai ana ki te 5.2~5.5, ā, i te wa ano, me whakanui ake te horopeta o te tote waikawa ā-tinana, ā, me whakamahi te konupūmā ammonium nitrate hei utu mō te konupūmā nitrate me te pāhare pākawa waro hei utu mō te pāhare pākawa waro. Me mōhio kei te neke ake te horopeta o te NH4+ i te 1/10 o te N katoa i roto i te tātai. Hei tauira, ina 20mmol/L te kukū N katoa (NO3- +NH4+) i roto i te influent, he iti iho i te 2mmol/L te kukū NH4+, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te pāhare pākawa waro hei whakakapi mō te pāhare pākawa waro, engari me mōhio kei te neke ake te kukū o te SO4^2-Kāore e tūtohutia kia neke atu i te 6~8 mmol/L te nui o te wai i roto i te whakatō; (4) Mō te tere whakahoki wai, me whakanui ake te nui o te whakatō i ia wā, ā, me horoi te papa oneone, inā koa ka whakamahia te huruhuru toka mō te whakatō, kia kore ai e taea te whakarite wawe i te pH o te rhizosphere i roto i te wā poto mā te whakamahi i te tote waikawa ā-tinana, kia whakanuia ai te nui o te whakatō kia taea ai te whakarite i te pH o te rhizosphere ki tētahi awhe whaitake i te wā e taea ai.

Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te whānuitanga tika o te EC me te pH o te rhizosphere te kaupapa matua hei whakarite i te mimiti noa o te wai me te tongi e ngā pakiaka tōmato. Ko ngā uara rerekē ka arahi ki te korenga o ngā matūkai tipu, te kore taurite o te wai (te ahotea kore wai/te nui rawa o te wai kore utu), te wera o ngā pakiaka (EC teitei me te pH iti) me ētahi atu raruraru. Nā te roa o te korenga o te tipu i puta mai i te EC me te pH rerekē o te rhizosphere, ina puta te raruraru, ko te tikanga kua maha ngā rā o te EC me te pH rerekē o te rhizosphere, ā, ka roa te tukanga o te hokinga mai o te tipu ki te āhua noa, ka pā tika ki te putanga me te kounga. Nō reira, he mea nui kia kitea te EC me te pH o te wai e tomo mai ana me te wai e whakahokia mai ana i ia rā.

MUTUNGA

[Ngā mōhiohio kua whakahuatia] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, me ētahi atu. Te tikanga whakahaere i te EC Rhizosphere me te pH o te whakatipu tōmato kore oneone i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi karāhe [J]. Hangarau Hangarau Ahuwhenua, 2022,42(31):17-20.