Puna Taketake: Houcheng Liu. Te āhua whanaketanga me te ia o te umanga rama tipu LED[J]. Journal of Illumination Engineering, 2018,29(04):8-9.
Pūtake o te tuhinga: Rauemi Kia Hōhonu

Ko te mārama te mea matua o te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. Ehara i te mea ko te mārama anake te mea e whakarato ana i te pūngao mō te tipu o ngā tipu mā te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti, engari he mea nui hoki hei whakahaere i te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. Mā te tāpiritanga mārama horihori, mā te whakamāramatanga mārama horihori katoa rānei, ka taea te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā tipu, te whakanui ake i te hua, te whakapai ake i te āhua o te hua, te tae, te whakarei ake i ngā wāhanga mahi, me te whakaiti i te putanga mai o ngā mate me ngā pepeke. I tēnei rā, ka tohaina atu e au ki a koutou te āhua whanaketanga me te ia o te umanga whakamārama tipu.
Kei te whānui haere te whakamahinga o te hangarau rama horihori i roto i te ao o te rama tipu. He maha ngā painga o te rama LED, pērā i te kaha o te rama, te iti o te wera e puta mai ana, te iti o te rahi, te roa o te ora, me ētahi atu painga. He maha ngā painga o tēnei rama i roto i te ao o te rama whakatipu. Ka āta whakamahia e te umanga rama whakatipu ngā rama LED mō te whakatipu tipu.

A. Te āhua whanaketanga o te umanga rama whakatipu LED 

1. Mōkihi LED mō te rama whakatipu

I roto i te mara o te tākai rama whakatipu LED, he maha ngā momo taputapu tākai, ā, kāore he pūnaha paerewa ine me te aromatawai kotahi. Nō reira, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hua o te whare, ko te arotahi matua a ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi ki ngā ahunga hiko-teitei, te cob me te module, me te whakaaro ki te raupapa rama mā o te rama whakatipu, me te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga tipu tipu me te taiao rama tangata, he nui ake ngā painga hangarau i roto i te pono, te whai hua o te rama, ngā āhuatanga hihi photosynthetic o ngā tipu rerekē i roto i ngā huringa tipu rerekē, tae atu ki ngā momo tipu hiko-teitei, hiko-waenga me te hiko-iti o ngā hua rerekē te rahi, hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā momo tipu i roto i ngā taiao tipu rerekē, me te tumanako ka tutuki te whāinga o te whakanui ake i te tipu tipu me te penapena pūngao.

He nui ngā mana pateni matua mō ngā papa epitaxial maramara kei roto tonu i ngā ringaringa o ngā kamupene matua o mua pērā i a Nichia o Hapani me American Career. Kāore tonu i te rawaka ngā hua pateni a ngā kaihanga maramara ā-rohe me te whakataetae mākete. I taua wā anō, he maha ngā kamupene kei te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau hou i roto i te mara o ngā maramara takai rama whakatipu. Hei tauira, mā te hangarau maramara kiriata angiangi a Osram ka taea te tākai tata ngā maramara ki te hanga i tētahi mata rama whānui. I runga i tēnei hangarau, ka taea e tētahi pūnaha rama LED tino whai hua me te roanga ngaru o te 660nm te whakaiti i te 40% o te whakapaunga pūngao i roto i te rohe whakatipu.

2. Whakatipuhia te whānuitanga rama me ngā taputapu
He uaua ake, he kanorau ake hoki te whānuitanga o te rama o ngā tipu. He rerekē nui ngā whānuitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia tipu i roto i ngā huringa tipu rerekē, tae atu ki ngā taiao tipu rerekē. Hei whakatutuki i ēnei hiahia rerekē, kei roto i te umanga ēnei kaupapa e whai ake nei: ①He maha ngā kaupapa whakakotahi rama kotahi-tae. Ko ngā whānuitanga e toru e tino whai hua ana mō te whakaahua tipu ko te whānuitanga me ngā tihi i te 450nm me te 660nm, te awhi 730nm hei whakaoho i te pua o te tipu, me te rama matomato o te 525nm me te awhi ultraviolet i raro i te 380nm. Whakakotahitia ēnei momo whānuitanga kia rite ki ngā hiahia rerekē o ngā tipu hei hanga i te whānuitanga tino tika. ②Kaupapa whānuitanga katoa hei whakatutuki i te kapi katoa o te whānuitanga tono tipu. Ko tēnei momo whānuitanga e rite ana ki te maramara SUNLIKE e tohuhia ana e Seoul Semiconductor me Samsung, kāore pea i te tino whai hua, engari he pai mō ngā tipu katoa, ā, he iti ake te utu i tērā o ngā otinga whakakotahi rama kotahi-tae. ③Whakamahia te rama mā whānuitanga katoa hei kaupapa matua, me te rama whero 660nm hei kaupapa whakakotahi hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whānuitanga. He iti ake te utu, he whai hua hoki tēnei kaupapa.

He maha ngā kamupene o roto me tāwāhi e whakamahi ana i ngā maramara rama tipu kotahi-tae (ko ngā roangaru matua ko 450nm, 660nm, 730nm), ā, he rerekē ake ngā hua o roto, he nui ake hoki ngā whakaritenga, ā, he paerewa ake ngā hua a ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi. I taua wā anō, e pā ana ki te rere o te photon photosynthetic, te whai huatanga o te mārama, me ētahi atu, he nui tonu te āputa i waenga i ngā kaihanga takai o roto me tāwāhi. Mō ngā taputapu takai rama tipu kotahi-tae, hei tāpiri atu ki ngā hua me ngā roopu roangaru matua o te 450nm, 660nm, me te 730nm, he maha ngā kaihanga kei te whakawhanake i ngā hua hou i roto i ētahi atu roopu roangaru hei whakatutuki i te kapinga katoa mō te roangaru irahiko photosynthetically active (PAR) (450-730nm).

Kāore ngā rama tipu tipu LED kotahi-tae e pai mō te tipu o ngā tipu katoa. Nō reira, e whakamāramahia ana ngā painga o ngā LED whānuitanga-katoa. Me whakatutuki tuatahi e te whānuitanga-katoa te kapinga katoa o te whānuitanga katoa o te mārama e kitea ana (400-700nm), me te whakanui ake i te mahi a ēnei roopu e rua: te mārama kikorangi-kakariki (470-510nm), te mārama whero hohonu (660-700nm). Whakamahia te rama kikorangi noa, te maramara rama ultraviolet rānei me te phosphor hei whakatutuki i te whānuitanga "katoa", ā, he teitei, he iti hoki tōna whai huatanga whakaahua. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga o ngā taputapu takai rama tipu LED mā e whakamahi ana i te maramara kikorangi + phosphor hei whakatutuki i te whānuitanga katoa. Haunga te aratau takai o te mārama kotahi-tae me te mārama kikorangi, te maramara ultraviolet rānei me te phosphor hei whakatutuki i te mārama mā, he aratau takai whakakotahi anō hoki ā ngā taputapu takai rama tipu e whakamahi ana i ngā maramara roangaru e rua, neke atu rānei, pērā i te whero tekau kikorangi/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. He nui ngā painga o tēnei aratau takai i te whakaiti i te kanapa.

Mō ngā hua rama LED whaiti-ngaru, ka taea e te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakarato takai te whakarato ki ngā kaihoko me ngā hua roangaru rerekē i roto i te awhe 365-740nm. Mō te whānuitanga rama tipu i hurihia e te phosphorus, he maha ngā whānuitanga o te nuinga o ngā kaihanga takai hei whiriwhiri mā ngā kaihoko. Ki te whakatauritea ki te tau 2016, kua eke te tere tipu o tana hoko i te tau 2017 ki tētahi pikinga nui. I roto i ēnei, ko te tere tipu o te puna rama LED 660nm e aro ana ki te 20%-50%, ā, ko te tere tipu o te hoko o te puna rama LED tipu kua hurihia e te phosphorus ka eke ki te 50%-200%, arā, kei te tere ake te tipu o ngā hoko o ngā puna rama LED tipu kua hurihia e te phosphorus.

Ka taea e ngā kamupene tākai katoa te whakarato i ngā hua tākai whānui 0.2-0.9 W me te 1-3 W. Mā ēnei pūtake mārama ka taea e ngā kaihanga rama te whai ngāwari ki te hoahoa rama. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaratohia hoki e ētahi kaihanga ngā hua tākai whakauru kaha teitei ake. I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 80% o ngā tuku a te nuinga o ngā kaihanga he 0.2-0.9 W, 1-3 W rānei. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā tuku a ngā kamupene tākai matua o te ao e arotahi ana ki te 1-3 W, ko ngā tuku a ngā kamupene tākai iti me te rahi-waenga e arotahi ana ki te 0.2-0.9 W.

3. Ngā mara o te tono o te rama tipu tipu

Mai i te mara tono, ka whakamahia te nuinga o ngā rama whakatipu tipu i roto i ngā rama kati kōtuhi, ngā wheketere rama horihori katoa, te ahurea kiko tipu, te rama mara ahuwhenua o waho, te whakato huawhenua me te putiputi o te whare, me te rangahau taiwhanga.

①I roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi rā me ngā whare kati kōtuhi maha-whānui, he iti tonu te ōwehenga o te mārama horihori mō te whakamārama tāpiri, ā, ko ngā rama halide whakarewa me ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei ngā mea matua. He iti te tere o te urunga o ngā pūnaha rama whakatipu LED, engari ka tīmata te tere o te tipu i te hekenga o te utu. Ko te take matua he roa te wheako o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te whakamahi i ngā rama halide whakarewa me ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei, ā, mā te whakamahi i ngā rama halide whakarewa me ngā rama konutai pēhanga teitei ka taea te whakarato i te 6% ki te 8% o te kaha wera mō te whare kati kōtuhi me te karo i te wera o ngā tipu. Kāore te pūnaha rama whakatipu LED i whakarato i ngā tohutohu me te tautoko raraunga motuhake me te whai hua, nā reira i whakaroa ai tana tono i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi awatea me ngā whare kati kōtuhi maha-whānui. I tēnei wā, ko ngā tono whakaaturanga iti tonu te mea matua. I te mea he puna mārama makariri te LED, ka taea te tata ki te tuanui o ngā tipu, ka iti ake te pānga o te pāmahana. I roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi awatea me ngā whare kati kōtuhi maha-whānui, he nui ake te whakamahinga o te rama whakatipu LED i roto i te whakatipu i waenga i ngā tipu.

②Te whakamahinga o ngā mara ahuwhenua o waho. He puhoi te whakaurunga me te whakamahinga o ngā rama tipu ki ngā mahi ahuwhenua o ngā whare, engari kua tere te whanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha rama tipu LED (te whakahaere i te wā o te hihi o te rā) mō ngā hua o waho e roa ana te rā me te uara ōhanga nui (pērā i te hua tarakona).

③Ngā wheketere tipu. I tēnei wā, ko te pūnaha rama tipu tere rawa atu, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te wheketere tipu rama horihori katoa, e wehea ana ki ngā wheketere tipu maha-paparanga pokapū me ngā wheketere tipu nekeneke tohatohahia e ai ki te kāwai. He tino tere te whanaketanga o ngā wheketere tipu rama horihori i Haina. Ko te tinana haumi matua o te wheketere tipu rama horihori maha-paparanga pokapū ehara i te mea ko ngā kamupene ahuwhenua tuku iho, engari he maha atu ngā kamupene e mahi ana i ngā hua haurua-haurua me ngā hua hiko kaihoko, pērā i a Zhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, me COFCO me Xi Cui me ētahi atu kamupene ahuwhenua hou. I roto i ngā wheketere tipu tohatoha me ngā wheketere nekeneke, kei te whakamahia tonutia ngā ipu kaipuke (ngā ipu hou, te hanga anō rānei i ngā ipu tuarua) hei kawe paerewa. Ko te nuinga o ngā pūnaha rama tipu o ngā tipu horihori katoa e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha rama raina, papatahi rānei, ā, kei te piki haere tonu te maha o ngā momo kua whakatōkia. Kua tīmata te whakamahi whānuitia me te whānui o ngā puna rama LED tauira rama whakamātautau. Ko ngā hua kei te mākete he huawhenua rau matomato te nuinga.

④Te whakato tipu o te whare. Ka taea te whakamahi i te rama LED i roto i ngā rama tēpu tipu o te whare, ngā whata whakato tipu o te whare, ngā mīhini whakatipu huawhenua o te whare, me ētahi atu.

⑤Te whakatipu tipu rongoā. Ko te whakatipu tipu rongoā e uru ana ki ngā tipu pēnei i te Anoectochilus me te Lithospermum. He nui ake te uara ōhanga o ngā hua i roto i ēnei mākete, ā, he ahumahi tēnei e whakamahi ana i ngā rama tipu. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamanatanga o te whakatipu tarukino i Amerika Te Raki me ētahi wāhanga o Ūropi kua whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o ngā rama whakatipu LED i roto i te mara o te whakatipu tarukino.

⑥Ngā rama puāwai. Hei taputapu nui mō te whakarite i te wā puāwai o ngā putiputi i roto i te umanga māra putiputi, ko ngā rama mura te whakamahinga tuatahi o ngā rama puāwai, ā, i muri mai ko ngā rama hiko-whakaora hiko. Nā te whanaketanga o te ahumahi LED, kua piki haere te maha o ngā rama puāwai momo LED kua whakakapia haeretia ngā rama tuku iho.

⑦Te whakatipu kiko tipu. Ko ngā pūtake mārama ahurea kiko tuku iho he rama hihiko mā, he iti te kaha o te kanapa, he nui hoki te wera e puta mai ana. He pai ake ngā rama LED mō te whakatipu kiko tipu whai hua, ka taea te whakahaere, me te kiato nā ō rātou āhuatanga tino pai pērā i te iti o te whakapaunga hiko, te iti o te wera e puta mai ana, me te roa o te ora. I tēnei wā, kei te whakakapi haere ngā ngongo rama hihiko mā i ngā rama hihiko mā.

4. Te tohatoha ā-rohe o ngā kamupene rama whakatipu

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, neke atu i te 300 ngā kamupene rama whakatipu i tōku whenua i tēnei wā, ā, neke atu i te 50% o ngā kamupene rama whakatipu i te rohe o Pearl River Delta, ā, kei te tūnga nui kē rātou. Tata ki te 30% o ngā kamupene rama whakatipu i te Yangtze River Delta, ā, he wāhi whakaputa nui tonu mō ngā hua rama whakatipu. Ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene rama whakatipu tuku iho kei te Yangtze River Delta, te Pearl River Delta me te Bohai Rim, ko te Yangtze River Delta te 53%, ā, ko te Pearl River Delta me te Bohai Rim te 24% me te 22%. Ko ngā rohe tohatoha matua o ngā kaihanga rama whakatipu LED ko te Pearl River Delta (62%), te Yangtze River Delta (20%) me te Bohai Rim (12%).

B. Te whanaketanga o te umanga rama whakatipu LED

1. Te Tohungatanga

Ko ngā āhuatanga o te rama whakatipu LED he rite ki te whānuitanga me te kaha o te mārama ka taea te whakarerekē, he iti te whakaputa wera whānui, ā, he pai te mahi ā-wai, nō reira he pai mō te rama whakatipu i ngā wāhi rerekē. I taua wā anō, ko ngā panonitanga o te taiao me te whai a te tangata i te kounga kai kua whakatairanga i te whanaketanga kaha o ngā whare ahuwhenua me ngā wheketere whakatipu, ā, kua arahina te umanga rama whakatipu LED ki tētahi wā whanaketanga tere. I te heke mai, ka whai wāhi nui ngā rama whakatipu LED ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa ahuwhenua, te whakapai ake i te haumaru kai, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua. Ka whanake tonu te puna rama LED mō te rama whakatipu me te tohungatanga āta haere o te umanga, ā, ka neke ki tētahi huarahi whai kiko.

2. Teitei o te whai huatanga

Ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mārama me te whai huatanga o te pūngao te mea nui ki te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere o te rama tipu. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā rama LED hei whakakapi i ngā rama tuku iho me te arotautanga hihiri me te whakarerekētanga o te taiao mārama kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te tauira mārama o ngā tipu mai i te wāhanga tipu ki te wāhanga kotinga, koinei ngā au e kore e taea te karo i te ahuwhenua pai ake i te heke mai. Mō te whakapai ake i te hua, ka taea te whakatipu i roto i ngā wāhanga me ngā rohe me te tauira mārama kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga whanaketanga o ngā tipu hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me te hua i ia wāhanga. Mō te whakapai ake i te kounga, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakahaere kai me te whakahaere mārama hei whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā matūkai me ētahi atu kai hauora.

E ai ki ngā whakatau tata, ko te hiahia ā-motu mō ngā tipu huawhenua ko te 680 piriona, ko te kaha whakaputa o ngā tipu wheketere he iti iho i te 10%. He nui ake ngā whakaritenga taiao mō te umanga tipu. Ko te nuinga o te wā whakaputa ko te takurua me te kōanga. He ngoikore te mārama taiao, ā, me whai mārama tāpiri horihori. He nui te whakaurunga me te putanga o ngā rama whakatipu tipu, ā, he nui te whakaae ki te whakaurunga. He painga motuhake ngā rama LED, nā te mea me hono ngā hua me ngā huawhenua (tōmato, kūkamo, merengi, me ētahi atu), ā, ko te whānuitanga motuhake o te tāpiritanga mārama i raro i ngā āhuatanga haumākū teitei ka taea te whakatairanga i te whakaora o ngā tipu kua honoa. Ka taea e te rama tāpiri whakato huawhenua whare kati kōtuhi te whakakī i te korenga o te mārama taiao, te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaahua o ngā tipu, te whakatairanga i te pua me te hua, te whakanui ake i te hua, me te whakapai ake i te kounga hua. He whānui ngā tono rama whakatipu LED i roto i ngā tipu huawhenua me te whakaputa whare kati kōtuhi.

3. Mārama

He nui te hiahia mō ngā rama whakatipu tipu kia whakahaerea te kounga me te nui o te mārama i te wā tūturu. Nā te whakapainga o te hangarau whakahaere atamai me te whakamahinga o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea, ka taea e ngā whānuitanga tae kotahi me ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai te whakahaere i te wā me te whakahaere mārama, ā, e ai ki te āhua tipu o ngā tipu, ko te whakarerekētanga wā tika o te kounga me te putanga mārama ka noho hei ia matua o te whanaketanga o te hangarau rama whakatipu tipu ā muri ake nei.