Kupu Whakataki

He mea nui te māramatanga i roto i te tukanga tipu o te tipu. Koinei te tongi pai rawa atu hei whakatairanga i te mimiti o te chlorophyll o te tipu me te mimiti o ngā momo āhuatanga tipu o te tipu pēnei i te carotene. Heoi, ko te mea nui e whakatau ana i te tipu o ngā tipu he mea whānui, ehara i te mea e pā ana ki te māramatanga anake, engari e kore e taea te wehe atu i te hanganga o te wai, te oneone me te tongi, ngā āhuatanga o te taiao tipu me te whakahaere hangarau whānui.

I roto i ngā tau e rua, e toru rānei kua pahure ake nei, kua mutu ngā pūrongo mō te whakamahinga o te hangarau rama haurua-ira mō ngā wheketere tipu-toru-ahu, te tipu rānei o ngā tipu. Engari i muri i te pānui marie, kei te noho tonu te āhua pōuri. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore he māramatanga tuturu mō te mahi a te mārama ki te tipu o ngā tipu.

Tuatahi, kia mārama tātou ki te whānuitanga o te rā, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. Ka kitea ko te whānuitanga o te rā he whānuitanga tonu, he kaha ake te whānuitanga kikorangi me te kakariki i te whānuitanga whero, ā, ko te whānuitanga o te mārama e kitea ana kei waenga i te 380 ki te 780 nm. Ko te tipu o ngā rauropi i roto i te taiao e pā ana ki te kaha o te whānuitanga. Hei tauira, ko te nuinga o ngā tipu i te rohe e tata ana ki te ekueta ka tino tere te tipu, ā, i te wa ano, he nui te rahi o tō rātou tipu. Engari ko te kaha nui o te whitinga o te rā ehara i te mea pai i ngā wā katoa, ā, he taumata whiriwhiri mō te tipu o ngā kararehe me ngā tipu.

Pikitia 1, Ngā āhuatanga o te whānuitanga o te rā me tōna whānuitanga mārama e kitea ana

Tuarua, kei te whakaatuhia te hoahoa āwhata tuarua o ētahi huānga mimiti matua o te tipu tipu i te Pikitia 2.

Pikitia 2, Ngā hihi mimiti o ētahi auxin i roto i te tipu tipu

E kitea ana i te Pikitia 2 he tino rerekē ngā hihi mimiti mārama o ētahi auxin matua e pā ana ki te tipu o ngā tipu. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakamahi i ngā rama tipu LED, engari he mea tino whai kiko. I konei me whakauru ngā ariā o ngā huānga tipu tipu whakaahua-whakaahua nui e rua.

• Koropira

Ko te koropurapura tētahi o ngā tae tino nui e pā ana ki te whakaahua-mai. Kei roto i ngā rauropi katoa e taea ai te hanga whakaahua-mai, tae atu ki ngā tipu matomato, ngā rimurimu kikorangi-matomato prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) me ngā rimurimu eukaryotic. Ka mimiti te koropurapura i te pūngao mai i te mārama, ka whakamahia hei huri i te hauhā waro hei warowaihā.

Ko te chlorophyll a te nuinga e mimiti ana i te mārama whero, ā, ko te chlorophyll b te nuinga e mimiti ana i te mārama kikorangi-papura, hei wehewehe i ngā tipu atarangi mai i ngā tipu rā. He iti te ōwehenga o te chlorophyll b ki te chlorophyll a o ngā tipu atarangi, nō reira ka taea e ngā tipu atarangi te whakamahi kaha i te mārama kikorangi me te urutau ki te tipu i te atarangi. He kikorangi-kakariki te chlorophyll a, ā, he kōwhai-kakariki te chlorophyll b. E rua ngā mimiti kaha o te chlorophyll a me te chlorophyll b, tētahi i te rohe whero me te roanga ngaru o te 630-680 nm, ko tētahi i te rohe kikorangi-papura me te roanga ngaru o te 400-460 nm.

• Ngā Carotenoids

Ko ngā carotenoid te kupu whānui mō tētahi momo tae taiao nui, e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā tae kōwhai, karaka-whero, whero rānei i roto i ngā kararehe, i ngā tipu teitei ake, i ngā harore, me ngā rimurimu. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, neke atu i te 600 ngā carotenoid tūturu kua kitea.

Ko te mimiti mārama o ngā carotenoids e kapi ana i te whānuitanga OD303~505 nm, e whakarato ana i te tae o te kai, ā, e pā ana ki te kai a te tinana. I roto i ngā rimurimu, ngā tipu, me ngā moroiti, ka kapi tōna tae i te chlorophyll, ā, kāore e puta. I roto i ngā pūtau tipu, ehara i te mea ko ngā carotenoids e whakaputa ana i te mimiti me te whakawhiti pūngao hei āwhina i te photosynthesis, engari he mahi anō hoki tā rātou ki te tiaki i ngā pūtau mai i te whakangaromanga e ngā ngota hāora hononga-irahiko kotahi e whakaohokia ana.

Ētahi hē o te ariā

Ahakoa te pānga penapena-pūngao, te whiriwhiringa o te mārama me te taurite o te mārama, he nui ngā painga o te rama haurua-ira. Heoi, mai i te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, kua kite tātou i te maha o ngā hē i roto i te hoahoa me te whakamahinga o te mārama, e whakaatahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei.

①Mēnā ka honoa ngā maramara whero me te kikorangi o tētahi roangaru i roto i tētahi ōwehenga, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te whakatipu tipu, hei tauira, ko te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi he 4:1, 6:1, 9:1 me ētahi atu.

②Mēnā he mārama mā, ka taea te whakakapi i te mārama o te rā, pērā i te ngongo mārama mā matua e toru e whakamahia whānuitia ana i Hapani, me ētahi atu. He pānga motuhake tō te whakamahinga o ēnei hihi ki te tipu o ngā tipu, engari kāore i te rite te pānga ki te pūtake mārama i hangaia e te LED.

③Mēnā ka eke te PPFD (te mātotoru o te rerenga matū mārama), he tawhā nui mō te whakamārama, ki tētahi taupū motuhake, hei tauira, he nui ake te PPFD i te 200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Heoi, i te whakamahi i tēnei tohu, me aro koe ki te mea he tipu whakamarumaru, he tipu rā rānei. Me pātai, me kimi rānei e koe te pūwāhi whakakī mārama o ēnei tipu, e kiia ana hoki ko te pūwāhi whakakī mārama. I roto i ngā whakamahinga tūturu, he maha ngā wā ka tahuna, ka maroke rānei ngā tipu. Nō reira, me hoahoa te hoahoa o tēnei tawhā kia rite ki ngā momo tipu, te taiao tipu me ngā āhuatanga.

Mō te āhuatanga tuatahi, e ai ki te whakaurunga i te kupu whakataki, ko te whānuitanga e hiahiatia ana mō te tipu o te tipu me waiho hei whānuitanga tonu me te whānui tohatoha. He mea tino kore e tika te whakamahi i tētahi pūtake mārama i hangaia mai i ngā maramara roangaru e rua o te whero me te kikorangi me te whānuitanga tino whaiti (e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3(a)). I roto i ngā whakamātautau, i kitea he kowhai ngā tipu, he tino māmā ngā kakau rau, ā, he tino angiangi ngā kakau rau.

Mō ngā ngongo rama hihiko e toru ngā tae matua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā tau o mua, ahakoa te hanga mā, ka wehea ngā hihi whero, kakariki, me te kikorangi (e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3(b)), ā, he tino whaiti te whānui o te hihi. He ngoikore te kaha o te hihi o te wāhanga tonu e whai ake nei, ā, he nui tonu te mana ki te whakataurite ki ngā rama LED, 1.5 ki te 3 ngā wā o te kaha e pau ana. Nō reira, kāore te pānga whakamahinga i te pai ki ngā rama LED.

Pikitia 3, Rama tipu LED maramara whero me te kikorangi me te whānuitanga rama hihiko tae-matua e toru

Ko te PPFD te mātotoru rerenga matūriki mārama, e pā ana ki te mātotoru rerenga mārama whai hua o te mārama i roto i te whakaahua-whakawhiti, e tohu ana i te tapeke o te quanta mārama e pā ana ki ngā kakau rau tipu i roto i te awhe roangaru o te 400 ki te 700 nm mō ia wae wā me te wae horahanga. Ko tōna wae ko μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Ko te irahiko kaha whakaahua-whakawhiti (PAR) e pā ana ki te katoa o te irahiko o te rā me te roangaru i roto i te awhe 400 ki te 700 nm. Ka taea te whakaatu mā te quanta mārama, mā te pūngao hihi rānei.

I ngā wā o mua, ko te kaha o te mārama e whakaatahia ana e te ine whakamārama he kanapa, engari ka rerekē te whānuitanga o te tipu o ngā tipu nā te teitei o te rama mai i te tipu, te taupoki o te mārama me te taea e te mārama te whiti mā roto i ngā rau. Nō reira, kāore i te tika te whakamahi i te par hei tohu mō te kaha o te mārama i roto i te rangahau o te photosynthesis.

I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te tīmata i te tikanga whakaahua ina nui ake te PPFD o te tipu e aroha ana ki te rā i te 50 μmol·m-2·s-1, ko te PPFD o te tipu atarangi ia e hiahia ana ki te 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 anake. Nō reira, i te hoko rama whakatipu LED, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te maha o ngā rama whakatipu LED i runga i tēnei uara tohutoro me te momo tipu ka whakatōhia e koe. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te PPFD o te rama LED kotahi he 20 μmol·m-2·s-1, neke atu i te 3 ngā pūangi tipu LED e hiahiatia ana hei whakatipu i ngā tipu e aroha ana ki te rā.

He maha ngā otinga hoahoa mō te rama haurua-ira

E whakamahia ana ngā rama hiko-haurua mō te tipu tipu, te whakatō rānei, ā, e rua ngā tikanga tohutoro matua.

• I tēnei wā, he tino rongonui te tauira whakato whare i Haina. He maha ngā āhuatanga o tēnei tauira:

①Ko te mahi a ngā rama LED he whakarato i te whānuitanga katoa o te rama tipu, ā, me whakarato te pūnaha rama i te kaha rama katoa, ā, he nui te utu whakaputa;
②Me whai whakaaro te hoahoa o ngā rama whakatipu LED ki te haere tonu me te pono o te whānuitanga;
③Me whakahaere pai te roa o te wā me te kaha o te rama, pērā i te tuku i ngā tipu kia okioki mō ētahi haora, te kaha rānei o te hihi, me ētahi atu;
④Me whai te tukanga katoa i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana e te taiao tupu tino pai o waho o ngā tipu, pērā i te haumākū, te pāmahana me te kukū CO2.

• Aratau whakato waho me te turanga whakato whare kati kōtuhi pai. Ko ngā āhuatanga o tēnei tauira ko:

①Ko te mahi a ngā rama LED he tāpiri i te mārama. Ko tētahi he whakanui i te kaha o te mārama i ngā wāhi kikorangi me te whero i raro i te hihi o te rā i te awatea hei whakatairanga i te photosynthesis o ngā tipu, ā, ko tētahi he whakakapi i te korenga o te rā i te pō hei whakatairanga i te tere o te tipu o ngā tipu.
②Me whai whakaaro te rama tāpiri ki te wāhanga tipu o te tipu, pērā i te wā whakatipu, te wā pua me te wā hua rānei.

Nō reira, me rua ngā momo hoahoa taketake mō te hoahoa o ngā rama whakatipu tipu LED, arā, te rama 24 hāora (roto) me te rama tāpiri tipu tipu (waho). Mō te whakatipu tipu o roto, me whai whakaaro te hoahoa o ngā rama whakatipu LED ki ngā āhuatanga e toru, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4. Kāore e taea te tākai i ngā maramara me ngā tae matua e toru i roto i tētahi ōwehenga.

Pikitia 4, Te whakaaro hoahoa mō te whakamahi i ngā rama whakanui tipu LED o roto mō te whakamārama 24 hāora

Hei tauira, mō te whānuitanga o te māramatanga kei te wāhanga whakatipu, me te whakaaro me whakapakari te tipu o ngā pakiaka me ngā kakau, me whakapakari te peka o ngā rau, ā, me whakamahi hoki te pūtake māramatanga ki roto i te whare, ka taea te hoahoa i te whānuitanga e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5.

Pikitia 5, Ngā hanganga hihi e tika ana mō te wā whare kōhungahunga LED

Mō te hoahoa o te momo tuarua o ngā rama whakatipu LED, ko te whāinga matua ko te otinga hoahoa o te tāpiri rama hei whakatairanga i te whakato i te turanga o te whare kati kōtuhi o waho. Kei te whakaatuhia te whakaaro hoahoa i te Pikitia 6.

Pikitia 6, Ngā whakaaro hoahoa mō ngā rama whakatipu o waho 

E kī ana te kaituhi kia nui ake ngā kamupene whakatō e whakamahi i te kōwhiringa tuarua, arā, ko te whakamahi i ngā rama LED hei whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā tipu.

Tuatahi, he maha ngā tau o Haina e mahi ana i ngā mahi whakatipu kāti kōhua ​​o waho, ā, he whānui hoki ōna wheako, i te tonga me te raki. He pai te turanga o te hangarau whakatipu kāti kōhua, ā, he nui ngā hua me ngā huawhenua hou e tukuna ana ki te mākete mō ngā tāone huri noa. Ina koa i te mara o te oneone, te wai me te whakato tongi, he nui ngā hua rangahau kua puta.

Tuarua, ka taea e tēnei momo otinga rama tāpiri te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao koretake, ā, i te wā anō ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua o ngā hua me ngā huawhenua. Hei tāpiri, he tino watea te rohe whenua whānui o Haina mō te whakatairanga.

Hei rangahau pūtaiao mō ngā rama tipu LED, he whānui ake hoki te pūtake whakamātautau mōna. Ko te Pikitia 7 he momo rama whakatipu LED i whakawhanakehia e tēnei rōpū rangahau, he pai mō te whakatipu i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ko tōna whānuitanga e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8.

Pikitia 7, He momo rama whakatipu LED

Pikitia 8, te whānuitanga o tētahi momo rama whakatipu LED

E ai ki ngā whakaaro hoahoa o runga ake nei, i whakahaerehia e te tīma rangahau he raupapa whakamātautau, ā, he tino hira ngā hua o te whakamātautau. Hei tauira, mō te rama whakatipu i te wā whakatipu tipu, ko te rama taketake i whakamahia he rama hihiko me te mana o te 32 W me te huringa whakatipu tipu o te 40 rā. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he rama LED 12 W, e whakapoto ana i te huringa tipu ki te 30 rā, e whakaiti ana i te awe o te pāmahana o ngā rama i roto i te awheawhe tipu, ā, e penapena ana i te kaha e pau ana i te hauhautanga. He pai ake te matotoru, te roa me te tae o ngā tipu i te otinga whakatipu tipu taketake. Mō ngā tipu o ngā huawhenua noa, kua whiwhihia hoki ngā whakatau manatoko pai, e whakarāpopototia ana i roto i te ripanga e whai ake nei.

I roto i ēnei, ko te rōpū mārama tāpiri PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, me te ōwehenga whero-kikorangi: 0.6-0.7. Ko te whānuitanga o te uara PPFD awatea o te rōpū tūturu he 40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, ā, ko te ōwehenga o te whero ki te kikorangi he 0.6~1.2. Ka kitea he pai ake ngā tohu o runga ake nei i ērā o ngā tipu tipu tūturu.

Whakamutunga

Ka whakaurua e tēnei tuhinga ngā whanaketanga hou o te whakamahinga o ngā rama whakatipu LED i roto i te whakatipu tipu, me te tohu i ētahi hē o te whakamahinga o ngā rama whakatipu LED i roto i te whakatipu tipu. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakaurua ngā whakaaro hangarau me ngā kaupapa mō te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rama whakatipu LED e whakamahia ana mō te whakatipu tipu. Me tohu anō hoki he mea anō hei whakaaroaro i roto i te tāutanga me te whakamahinga o te rama, pērā i te tawhiti i waenga i te rama me te tipu, te whānuitanga o te hihi o te rama, me te whakamahinga o te rama me te wai noa, te tongi, me te oneone.

Kaituhi: Yi Wang et al. Puna: CNKI